Today, Judaism isn't centralized. Each Jewish community is autonomous and usually has its own Rabbi or Rabbis.
In ancient times, the Jewish people were led by three distinct people or groups: the king, the Sanhedrin and the Kohen Gadol. (See also Deuteronomy ch.17.)
The king conducted the nation and made decisions in most national matters but was not necessarily a Torah-authority.
The Sanhedrin (court of Sages) was the final authority on Torah-matters.
The Kohen Gadol conducted the observances in the Holy Temple, together with the assistance of the rest of the Kohanim and Levites (Numbers ch.8 and 18; Leviticus ch.21)
Sanhedrin
the star of david
The House of Commons.
congress
Not sure what you mean by "recognized". If the father is Jewish, he's Jewish. The child of a Jewish father and a non-Jewish mother was traditionally not considered Jewish and both Orthodox and Conservative Jewish authorities retain this ruling. Reform Judaism recognizes the offspring of a Jewish father and non-Jewish mother to be Jewish. The reason for the original ruling is actually quite logical: when a woman gives birth, it is quite clear that she is the biological parent of her offspring. It is not so obvious who fathered the child. Of course today, there is technology that can prove paternity, but that is a very recent development. Therefore, a Jew is traditionally defined as a child of a Jewish mother or someone who converts to Judaism.
jewish
No, the Supreme Court ruling cannot be overturned by any other court or government body.
The Jewish people blamed him. The Roman soldiers physically crucified him. Pontious Pilate made the ruling.
Romania has a bicameral parliament.
the ruling bodyof a democracy
The Roman Senate .
It is buried in the ground.