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Today, Judaism isn't centralized. Each Jewish community is autonomous and usually has its own Rabbi or Rabbis.
In ancient times, the Jewish people were led by three distinct people or groups: the king, the Sanhedrin and the Kohen Gadol. (See also Deuteronomy ch.17.)
The king conducted the nation and made decisions in most national matters but was not necessarily a Torah-authority.
The Sanhedrin (court of Sages) was the final authority on Torah-matters.
The Kohen Gadol conducted the observances in the Holy Temple, together with the assistance of the rest of the Kohanim and Levites (Numbers ch.8 and 18; Leviticus ch.21)

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