The Jewish Bible goes by several names in English, including "The Hebrew Scriptures," "The Hebrew Bible," and "The Old Testament" (a term employed by Christians, not by Jews).
Jews call it The TANAKH, which is a Hebrew acronym for the three sections it contains: Torah (Teachings, also known as the 5 books of Moses), Nevi'im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings).
The Tanakh contains the 24 books found in the part of the Christian Bible called the "Old Testament." However, the Christian Old Testament was altered to support the teachings of Christianity.
You are referring to the Hebrew Bible, or the Tanakh. It is a collection of 24 books, known to the Christians as "The Old Testament".
The Torah is the first section of the Jewish "Bible." The other two sections are called The Prophets and The Writings.
The Old Testament: the first 5 books (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy), Prophets, and Writings.
The Jewish Bible is called 'Tanach'. The word Tanach is an acronym made up of the names of its three sections: Torah (Teachings), Nevi'im (Prophets), K'tuvim (Writings).
The Torah (Genesis through Deuteronomy) is the central sacred text of Judaism. The Hebrew Bible includes the Torah plus the books of the prophets plus the books of writings, essentially the same books as make up the Old Testament in a Protestant Bible. The Talmud is a record of the rabbinic discussion of the Torah, focusing on legal analysis of the many commandments in the Torah but also incorporating a wide variety of other material.
The Torah is an example of the sacred Jewish text that contributes to Judaism.
No. The Talmud is an explanatory legal treatise in Judaism. It is not a "sacred text" nor is it affiliated with Christianity in any way. (The Jewish sacred text is the Tanakh or Jewish Bible.)
Judaism is not a sacred text, it is a religion and that religion happens to have a sacred text. To learn more about Judaism's Sacred Text, read the Related Question.
No. You can read more about the sacred text of Judaism at the Related Question below. Yahweh is the archaeologists' approximation of the Jewish God's name, although nearly all religious Jews regard "Yahweh" as entirely inaccurate.
Yes.
Judaism
Yes.
Judaism and Christianity.
Judaism accepts parts of the Christian Bible as sacred, but treats the entire Jewish Bible as sacred.
Judaism is a monotheistic religion that encompasses the beliefs, practices, and traditions of the Jewish people. It is founded on the covenant between God and the Jewish people as revealed in the Torah, the central religious text of Judaism. Judaism places a strong emphasis on ethical living, social justice, and the study of sacred texts.
The Torah.
The Tanakh (Jewish Bible).