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A single pulley normally gives no mechanical advantage: it changes the direction of the force required.
With 2 pulleys the rope or cable is looped around both so that there are several lengths of it pulling the mass. If there are k such strands, each one bears 1/k of the total mass so (if you ignore friction) there is a mechanical advantage of k.

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The mechanical advantage of two pulleys mounted in a block and tackle is twice the applied force. The lead rope needs to have half the force applied to move the same load, but twice the distance must be moved on the lead rope such that the same total force is applied to the load.

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