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An endorsement permitting the driver to transport hazardous materials.
Yes. Hazmat is a combination of "hazardous" and "materials"
You can have a CDL (Commercial Driver's License) without a Hazardous Materials Endorsement, but you have not have the HazMat Endorsement without a CDL.
A driver carrying non-hazardous materials does not have to carry hazardous materials shipping papers, but most do need to carry bills of lading and the like in support of the business of moving things from one place to another.
No. If you're driving for a company which expects you to sleep in the sleeper berth, hauling hazmat doesn't change any of that. If the driver wishes to sleep in a hotel/motel, they do it out-of-pocket.
The meaning of the word hazmat refers to the word hazardous or dangerous. For example, hazardous chemicals released into the environment can be dangerous to the population. Hazmat is basically a flammable material that is toxic to the environment if precautions were not taken.
You would need the N (tanker) and H (hazmat) endorsements. Most states issue an X endorsement as a combination of N and H.
a hazmat or hazardous materials worker makes anywhere from 10 to 31 dollars and hour
If it's used for commercial purposes, it is. If not, it isn't. If you're asking for the sake of wanting to know whether or not it requires a CDL, the answer is no, unless it's either a bus designed to transport more than 15 persons (including the driver) or it will be carrying sufficient quantities of hazardous materials to require hazmat placards to be displayed. In either case, you would be required to obtain a Class C CDL with appropriate endorsements (P for a passenger bus, S if it's a school bus, H for hazmat).
You need to specify where you're at, as laws on this vary greatly by country. In the US, diesel fuel is a commodity which you can transport up to 1,000 lbs. of without a CDL. Beyond that, you would need a Commercial Driver Licence appropriate to the class of vehicle you'd be operating, with a hazardous materials (hazmat) and tanker endorsement, if you're transporting it by a vehicle with a permanently mounted tank on it. Along with this, you would need a DOT medical card. As far as paperwork goes, if you're traveling outside of a 100 mile radius of where you're based out of, then you need to run a logbook. You must also keep the bill of lading within reach at all times (typically, either on the passenger seat or in the pocket of the door).
The IMO IMDG (International Maritime Organization's International Maritime Dangerous Goods Regulations would be the most appropriate publication to use if you were transporting hazmat from IS to Japan via maritime vessel.
Corrosive materials are either solid or liquids that when they come into contact with human skin will cause tissue damage. Corrosive materials are a HAZMAT class 8.