aeration zone
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To the best of my knowledge, the water under the surface was formed when the oceans were formed, or thereafter. In simple terms, cracks in the ground allows water to leak below ground into large open voids.
Rain snow and hail are all types of
The common name is "Artesian Well"
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An aquifer.
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Recharge zone is earths surface from which water percolates down into an aquifer.