How is protein made in a cell?

Answer 1

1. Primary structure: Protein synthesis makes polypeptide chain with the process of translation and transcription. Amino acid sequences are attached by peptide bonds.
2. Secondary structure: Hydrogen bonds attract one amino acids to one another, resulting in a twisting and folding of neighboring amino acids. These are all attached by hydrogen bonds. It may form an alpha helix, which is a twisted form, and/or Beta pleated sheet which is the folded form.
3. Tertiary structure: Three dimensional shape begin to form from the polypeptide chain. This is perhaps the most important structure. It may allow amino acids at opposite ends to be close to each other to allow binding of specific substrate. Covalent bonds from disulfide bridges, as well as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions are all present. Many proteins are functional at this point. Some, like hemoglobin, needs further configuration to become a functional protein.
4. Quaternary structure: In the quaternary structure, two or more polypeptide chains in the tertiary structure binds to each other, which forms a functional protein.

Answer 2

DNA unwinds

RNA transcript is made

RNA transported outside of nucleus

RNA lands on ribosome

tRNA comes in with an amino acid on it

Ribosome shifts the reading frame and amino acid chain grows longer

amino acid sequence leaves the ribosome and finishes folding

Protein is made.

Answer 3

genes ?