bit error is same for QPSK and BPSK.
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Although QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) refers to an instance when two bits are processed at once, this does not mean that the actual bit rate is twice that of the baud rate.
in psk,we use only single type of phase shift for a bit transition. in qpsk,we use 4 types of phase shifts for a bit transition.
Binary PSKQPSK.1. Two different phases are used torepresent two binary values.1. Four different phases are used to represent two binary values.2. Each signal element represents only one bit.2. Each signal element representstwo bits
In a computer system, the bit error rate is based on the percentage of bits transmitted and received compared to those that resulted in error.
38 MHz. digital bit-rates vary depending on compression, modulation, typically QPSK. Expect at least 30 Mbps.
As compared to what? Compared to air, or to a vacuum, light travels quite a bit slower in water.As compared to what? Compared to air, or to a vacuum, light travels quite a bit slower in water.As compared to what? Compared to air, or to a vacuum, light travels quite a bit slower in water.As compared to what? Compared to air, or to a vacuum, light travels quite a bit slower in water.
Basically the baud rate can never be greater than the bit rate. Baud rate can only be equal or less than the bit rate. However, there are instances that baud rate maybe greater than the bit rate. In Return-to-zero or Manchester encoding, where there are two signaling elements, the baud rate is twice the bit rate and therefore requires more bandwidth.
bit rate is half the baud rate
Bit rate is related to the maximum frequency being sent over a channel; it is roughly twice this maximum frequency. Bit period is the time it takes to send a bit; it is 2/(bit rate).
for 4KHz then for noisy channel using Shannon theorem, sampling rate will be 8K samples/sec. So with 2 bit encoding, 2 bits are sent per sample. So the data rates is 8000 samples / sec * 2 bits = 16000bits / sec = 16kbps.
baud rate is the rate of symbol changes...symbol can be of 1 bit, 2 bit , 3 bit etc.... Where as frequency is the inverse of rate of lowest unit in a digital transimission...
Bit rate = 8 / (16 * 10-9) bits/second