Orthodox Jews abide by the commands of the Torah and the Oral Torah (Talmud).
"Progressive" implies change. Orthodox Jews are those who believe in God and the Torah, and keep the commands of the Torah (Sabbath, Kashruth, etc.).
Hasidim are a portion of Orthodox Jews. They follow Judaism on a strictly Orthodox level.
Orthodox Jews follow strict tradition and Jewish law, whereas the Conservative movement has relaxed some of the observances.
Hasidic Jews are a subcategory of Orthodox Jews. The majority of Hassidim wear long coats, while most other Orthodox Jews wear regular suits. On Sabbath and festivals, Hassidim wear a fur hat called a streimel, while other Orthodox Jews wear hats more similar to standard styles.
No.
Yes, non-Orthodox Jews can become Orthodox by becoming more observant. Non-Jews can become Orthodox Jews through Orthodox conversion.
Orthodox Jews are strictly observant. Hassidic Jews are even more strict.
Orthodox and Ultra-Orthodox Jews are strict followers of Jewish law.
Messianic Jews are some things in common with Orthodox Judaism. But since we are talking about differences. One of the differences is that Orthodox Jews are of Jewish heritage while Messianic Jews aren't just of Jewish heritage and allow non-jews to come into judaism.
orthodox Jews are traditional and reform Jews have mordenised their traditional ways
Unfortunately, in Israel, only Orthodox Jews get all the special privileges.
They are Jews who keep the Torah.