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For long shaft obm were designed to fit on high transom boat usually measured from lowest point at the bottom of the transom to the top where the obm clamp sit , about 21" in.for yamaha & 20" in. for Mercury ( sorry ,for other brand you may refer to the respective manufacturer specs because I never had one).As for short shaft it were designed to fit on lower transom boat which usually measured from top to bottom around 15" to 15½".There were XL & XXL found on high power motor which fit to 25" & 30" transom respectively to cater high transom boat usually installed with 2 or more big & heavy Obm thus the load won't sank the stern as the load may excess ½ tons or more depend on engine sizes & quantity.The transom heights recommended by obm manufacturer shall be followed in order to achieve optimum performance and reliablelity of the motor as.Lonn shaft Obm has longer ``leg'' compare to the shorter shaft by 5"in. in length measure from clamp gape to the top of cavitation plate.This will allow the props and cooling water pick up were ideally submerged in the water.Long shaft obm if installed to low transom boat may compromise the handling as to turn the the boat become difficult task with tiller model and water will be drawn from the back when move due to deflection on the obm lower casing.

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Q: What is the difference between long and short shaft outboard motor?
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