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The essential difference between soft iron and hard iron is in the crystalline structure of the metals.
This is sometimes due to the presence of impurities, but the over-riding effect is that of heat treatment.
The basic techniques (for iron) are to get it white-hot, then cool it slowly; this produces soft iron. Alternatively, get it dull red, or bright red, or yellow, or white, then plunge it into cold liquid. This process, called quenching, hardens the iron. Picking the correct colour before quenching gives just the hardness needed.
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