about 57 million miles away from earth
It would have to be Mercury, Venus or Mars; even at its closest, Jupiter is farther away than Venus at its most distant. I use a planetarium program called Stellarium - available for free from stellarium.org - to perform these calculations. I highly recommend it. Mercury is presently (21 Aug 2009) closest at .9 AU, while Venus is next at 1.2 and Mars at 1.6 AU away.
Earth.
There is no reason to believe that the planet Mercury was significantly different 200,000 years ago, than it is today. It was still the closest planet to the sun, and still quite hot.
There are 8 planets in our solar system. They are Earth, Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus. Originally there were many more, but they could have been thrown out of the solar system or have crashed into the Sun or another planet.
earth quakes tsunamis
yes, MESSENGER has explored Mercury. On March 18, 2011 a year from today, MESSENGER will transition from orbiting the Sun to being the first spacecraft ever to orbit the planet Mercury.
The closest planet to the Moon today is Mars. It is currently not physically close to the Moon but is closest to it in terms of its position in the sky.
You answered your own question. Mercury the planet was sacred to Hermes in Greek culture, because it appeared to move so quickly from night to night. The Romans later adopted the same ideology and named the planet Mercury, which we still call it today.
The Earth (but it was not known that it was a planet at that point. When the concept of "planet" came into use there were 5 known planets:MercuryVenusMarsJupiterSaturnNote that at that point in time (ancient Sumerian or Babylonian civilization) the Earth was still not considered what we today call a "planet".
The distance between Earth and Mars varies due to their positions in their orbits around the Sun. On average, Mars is about 225 million kilometers away from Earth. However, this distance can change as the two planets move along their respective orbits.
Distance from Earth varies from 36 million miles (nearest planet after Venus) to over 250 million miles
over 24,000 miles