I think you mean the distance from the Earth to the Sun. This distance is measured in Astronomical Units (AU)
The sun! :-P
The nearest distance is called the perihelion and the furthest distance is called the aphelion (there is about 5 million km difference). The mean distance is called one astronomical unit.
perihelion
That's called its 'perigee'.
There is no planet called Jupisaturn.
Aphelion.
The average distance from the Sun to the Earth is one "astronomical unit" or "AU".
The point in earth's orbit where it is closest to the sun is called "perihelion".
The average distance of a planet to the sun is the Semi-major axis. The furthest it gets is the Aphelion and the closest it gets is its Perihelion. The Sun to Earth Distance is also known as one Astronomical Unit (AU).
It is called a star
An astronomical unit or AU
The maximum distance from the sun in a planet's orbit is called its aphelion. This point is farthest from the sun, as opposed to the perihelion, which is its closest point.