0
Temperature affects the conversion value in a CSTR in two ways:
1) it should increase the rate of conversion
2) it should shift the equilibrium of the reaction
note that in shifting the equilibrium, it shifts the equilibrium of ALL reactions including side reactions which can be suppressed or promoted
If the reaction is nearing equilibrium prior to exiting the reactor, the second effect can be very significant.
Increasing the rate of conversion could allow faster throughput in the reactor with the same conversion - unless the effect on equilibrium shift is significant
Wiki User
∙ 12y ago
Add your answer:
Earn +20 pts
Diffeerence between CSTR and PFR on volume baises?
For simple understanding PFR can be imagined as multiple CSTR's in series. PFR has benefits of higher conversion rates, product uniformity & less energy losses. CSTR stands for Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor. PFR stands for Plug Flow Reactor.
How do you enhance rate of reaction in CSTR?
rate of a reaction can be increased by increasing the temperature if the reactor
What are the conditions for reaction between Ethylene oxide and water in a plug flow reactor or in a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor?
The Feed conditons entering are at 25 deg c with 101.3 kpa the reactor is a cstr operating at 65deg c the product if ethylene glycol!!!!!!
C plus plus programme to compare strings?
#include<iostream> #include<string> int compare (const std::string& a, const std::string& b) { int n=1; std::string::const_iterator ai=a.begin(), bi=b.begin(); for (int n=1; ai!=a.end() && bi!=b.end(); ++ai, ++bi, ++n) { char ca = *ai; char cb = *bi; if (ca<cb) return n * (-1); if (cb<ca) return n; } if (ai==a.end() && bi==b.end()) return 0; if (ai==a.end()) return n * (-1); return n; } int main() { std::cout << "When comparing strings, zero indicates the two strings are equal.\n" << "A negative value indicates the first string is less than the second string.\n" << "A positive value indicates the first string is greater than the second string.\n" << "The absolute value indicates the characters that differ in the strings. Thus\n" << "-10 or 10 indicate that the 10th characters show a difference.\n" << std::endl; std::string x = "This is a string."; std::string y = "This is another string."; std::string z = "This is another."; std::cout << "String x = "" << x << """ << std::endl; std::cout << "String y = "" << y << """ << std::endl; std::cout << "String z = "" << z << """ << std::endl; std::cout << std::endl; std::cout << "compare(x,x) = " << compare(x,x) << std::endl; std::cout << "compare(x,y) = " << compare(x,y) << std::endl; std::cout << "compare(x,z) = " << compare(x,z) << std::endl; std::cout << "compare(y,x) = " << compare(y,x) << std::endl; std::cout << "compare(y,y) = " << compare(y,y) << std::endl; std::cout << "compare(y,z) = " << compare(y,z) << std::endl; std::cout << "compare(z,x) = " << compare(z,x) << std::endl; std::cout << "compare(z,y) = " << compare(z,y) << std::endl; std::cout << "compare(z,z) = " << compare(z,z) << std::endl; std::cout << std::endl; }
What is syntex error in c plus plus?
A string is a sequence of character data types typically stored in a vector or an array. The two main string classes are std::string and std::wstring, both of which can be found in the <string> header file. std::string is a specialisation of std::vector<char> while std::wstring specialises std::vector<wchar_t>. The latter is often known as wide-string, ideally suited to UTF-16 encoding. The former can be used for both ASCII and UTF-8 encoding. These are generally all you need. You can construct objects of the string classes as follows: std::string str ("Hello world!"); // C++ string std::wstring wstr (L"Hello world!"); // C++ wide-string You can also make use of C-style strings, however it's best to limit their use to fixed-length strings. These can be declared as follows: char cstr[] = "Hello world!"; wchar_t cwstr[] = L"Hello world!"; You can use variable length C-strings if you wish but you're simply creating unnecessary work for yourself. The only real advantage is that you save some memory (4-bytes per string on a 32-bit system) but restrict yourself to the C standard library functions, most of which are inefficient compared to the equivalent C++ string member methods (primarily because the size of a C++ string does not need to be continually recalculated -- it is a given). C++ strings are also easily converted to and from C-style strings and they manage their own resources for you, which ultimately makes them much easier to use. Although not physically part of the Standard Template Library, C++ strings adhere to STL semantics, including bidirectional, random-access iteration through the character sequence as well as subscript notation to access individual characters. STL algorithms and functions can also be applied, although the member functions are sufficient for most of the operations you will need to perform upon strings, such as appending strings and searching within strings. Note that insertion of one string within another is not supported. This is because vectors are specifically designed to add new elements to the end of the sequence rather than the middle or beginning of the sequence. To insert one string inside another, it is more efficient to create a new string, reserving the number of characters required for both the original string plus the inserted sub-string, and simply appending the sub-strings accordingly. The new string can then be assigned to the original string if required. By reserving characters, the new string doesn't have to be resized with each append operation. Resizing only occurs when an append operation exceeds the current allocation and may result in a reallocation if the current memory block has no room to expand. Reallocations are expensive as the original string must be copied to the new allocation, which means you need more than double the memory of the original allocation (at least for the duration of the copy operation), not to mention the performance impact of physically copying the string. The fewer reallocations you make the better, so plan ahead. Calculate and reserve what you need in advance. C++11 also introduces move semantics which helps eliminate a lot of the copying operations that would otherwise occur when passing string values to or from functions (thus creating temporary strings). For instance, when you assign a function that returns a string to another string, two complete copies of the string are made. The first is made by the function itself, copying its local string to the function's return value (thus creating a temporary). The second is made when that return value is subsequently assigned to your string (if you don't assign, the temporary simply falls from scope, but still results in an unnecessary copy being made). With move semantics, no copies are made, the temporary simply takes ownership of the function's string and then passes that ownership onto your string. This is made possible by the fact a string is nothing more than a pointer to a memory allocation plus the size of that allocation (in characters). By passing these two values alone, the new string immediately takes ownership of the allocation. The old string simply nullifies its pointer so when it falls from scope it doesn't destroy the allocation. As an implementation detail, all the actual work is done behind the scenes so the user is largely unaware of what's going on, the only visible sign being the much-improved performance. Move semantics apply to the entire STL in C++11 but can also be applied to your own classes. If you classes "own" resources, remember to provide move semantics so they can pass that ownership on automatically. Move semantics are achieved through a move constructor as well as a move assignment operator. It won't entirely eliminate the need to copy objects, but it will completely eliminate the need to make unnecessary copies.
Diffeerence between CSTR and PFR on volume baises?
For simple understanding PFR can be imagined as multiple CSTR's in series. PFR has benefits of higher conversion rates, product uniformity & less energy losses. CSTR stands for Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor. PFR stands for Plug Flow Reactor.
How do you enhance rate of reaction in CSTR?
rate of a reaction can be increased by increasing the temperature if the reactor
What is the ticker symbol for coinstars?
Cstr
Why volume PFR less than CSTR for same conversion and reaction rate?
The reason that a PFR requires less volume than a CSTR is the difference in residence time distribution between the reactors. Residence time is the amount of time molecules spend in the reactor which equal to v/vo (v=volume of the reactor and v0 is volumetric flow rate). Let us assume that we design a PFR and CSTR that have similar residence time i.e. ratio of volume v and v0 is the same and we are pumping about 100 molecule per minute to each reactor. In the case of PFR, all the 100 molecules will spend exactly the same time inside the reactor (v/v0). In the case of CSTR, things are little more complicated, once the 100 molecule hit the CSTR, they mixted instantaneously and thus some of these 100 molecules will leave from the reactor exit stream very early i.e. will spend much less time inside the reactor (less the v/v0) and of course some these 100 molecule will spend more time making the average residence time the same as the PFR. Therefore, with the chance that molecules will spend shorter time in CSTR, we try to compensate for that effect by making bigger reactors so the ratio of these molecules spending short period of time inside the reactor less and thus its performance is comparable to the PFR. Very logical and easy to understand explanation. But how to prove series of CSTR equals to one PFR which is having a volume of sum of all CSTRs?
Why PFR requires less volume than CSTR for same conversion and reaction rates?
The reason that a PFR requires less volume than a CSTR is the difference in residence time distribution between the reactors. Residence time is the amount of time molecules spend in the reactor which equal to v/vo (v=volume of the reactor and v0 is volumetric flow rate). Let us assume that we design a PFR and CSTR that have similar residence time i.e. ratio of volume v and v0 is the same and we are pumping about 100 molecule per minute to each reactor. In the case of PFR, all the 100 molecules will spend exactly the same time inside the reactor (v/v0). In the case of CSTR, things are little more complicated, once the 100 molecule hit the CSTR, they mixted instantaneously and thus some of these 100 molecules will leave from the reactor exit stream very early i.e. will spend much less time inside the reactor (less the v/v0) and of course some these 100 molecule will spend more time making the average residence time the same as the PFR. Therefore, with the chance that molecules will spend shorter time in CSTR, we try to compensate for that effect by making bigger reactors so the ratio of these molecules spending short period of time inside the reactor less and thus its performance is comparable to the PFR. Very logical and easy to understand explanation. But how to prove series of CSTR equals to one PFR which is having a volume of sum of all CSTRs?
What is the equation for reaction rate?
. The transformation of glucose into fructose by the enzyme glucose isomerase, was carried out in two different types suspended-enzyme bioreactors: 1) CSTR, and 2) plug flow reactor. The process obeys Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The following parameters and kinetic constants were kept the same in both bioreactors: $ So (input substrate concentration) = 1.0 mMol/L; $ F (volumetric flow rate) = 1.0 m3/h; $ Km = 7x10-4 Mol/L; $ Vmax = 0.2 mMol/(L.h) Determine: $ Volume of CSTR for 50% conversion of glucose; $ Volume of PFR for 50% conversion of glucose; $ Volumes of CSTR and PFR in series (assume that the volumes are equal) in two cases: $ first CSTR $ first PFR 2. Calculate the volume of a stirred tank bioreactor containing the same enzyme, but immobilized on the surface of a flat-geometry support. The value of the mass-transfer coefficient is 0.6 h-1. The values of the rest of process parameters are the same as above.
How can arrays within decisions improve program efficiency?
When a significant number of values must be tested to perform an operation, an array is more efficient then "if else" or "switch case" statements. Juge by the following example in C: const char* ConverteIntegerToCStr( unsigned int number, char cstr[] ) { // predefined array with the first 10000 number string representation // Note: the ellipsis is not part of the code static const Array[10000] = { "0", "1", "2", ..., "9998", "9999" }; if (number < 10000) memcpy( cstr, Array[number], strlen( Array[number] ) ); // very fast else itoa( number, cstr ); // standard C function that is much slower return cstr; }
Is Redbox owned by McDonald's?
Not any more. While redbox was started by McDonalds, it is now wholly owned by Coinstar (CSTR).
Does Redbox have stock for sale?
Yes. Because redbox is owned by Coinstar (CSTR), you can purchase their stock, and own a part of redbox.
What has the author Rajesh Tyagi written?
Rajesh Tyagi has written: 'Control of pH in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR)'
Stock market symbol for Red box Movie Rentals?
redbox falls under the coinstar company and their stock ticker is CSTR
What is the ticker symbol for Redbox?
Red Box will be multibagger stock trading on NASDAQ with the symbol RBOX. The ticker symbol "RBOX" can be used to facilitate stock trades and was assigned to Red Box by the NASDAQ Stock Market. You may read more about the Red Box IPO (Initial Public Offering) and view a chart of the stock's first day of trading on NASDAQ here.
