That's called an "orbit".
That is also called the axis; the "end-points" of this axis are called the celestial poles.
Its a satellite
That is called an "orbit". Such orbits basically have the shape of an ellipse.
Mainly moons.
A Moon
it is called its umbra
In the past I have read a book called 'The Celestial Globe'.
The apparent passage of one celestial body across the disc of another one for an observer is called a transit. If the transiting body hides a significant portion of the one behind, it is called an occultation or eclipse.
Astronomy is the study of celestial objectsRadio astronomy is the study of celestial objects that emit radio waves.
It revolves around the earth in orbit and it's also a celestial body in the solar system
A Comet
The hot ring that surrounds the sun is called the corona. The corona is an aura of plasma which is also found around other celestial bodies.