That's called an "orbit".
The path followed by an object that moves around another object is called an orbit. This is commonly seen in celestial bodies like planets revolving around a star, or moons orbiting a planet.
The circular path is called an orbit when a celestial body moves around another celestial body due to their gravitational attraction. It can also be referred to as a loop or a circuit in general terms.
An object that takes around another object is called a satellite. Satellites orbit around planets, moons, or other celestial bodies. They can be natural, like moons, or artificial, like those used for communication or navigation.
An orbit around another orbit is called a "satellite orbit" or a "suborbital path". This occurs when a smaller object orbits around a larger object, which is itself in orbit around another celestial body.
That is also called the axis; the "end-points" of this axis are called the celestial poles.
Its a satellite
A Moon
That is called an "orbit". Such orbits basically have the shape of an ellipse.
Mainly moons.
All the planets orbiting the sun can be called moons of the sun
it is called its umbra
The imaginary sphere is called the celestial sphere. It is used in astronomy to track the apparent movements of celestial objects as if they were projected onto the inside of a sphere surrounding the Earth.