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1) surface barriers include the skin and mucous membranes. Gastric Juice,: Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) and proteases that destroy pathogens in the stomach

2) second line of defence: the non-specific defence mechanisms such as inflammation, fever, phagocytic leucocytes, anti-microbial proteins

3) third line of defence: specific defence: Antigen (Macrophages encounter a pathogen, they digest it and present the antigenic fragments on their surface to helper T lymphocytes) and Antibody (B lymphocytes )

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11y ago

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