eliptical
There is no special "corridor", there is more or less empty space all around. You might talk about the orbit of the Solar System around the galactic center.
A revolution. That is how we measure years.
There is no specific name since all sorts of objects can orbit a larger body. A galaxy, for example, can orbit the centre of a galactic cluster.
The name of our system, the one the Earth is in, is called the Solar System after the name of the star we orbit, Sol.
The bodies that orbit the sun, including the sun itself, make up the solar system.
The only star in the solar system is the sun.
Dusty Disk Systems, Hot Jupiter Systems, Non-planetary systems.
Dividing Space in Two: The study of Inner Space is Astronomy (Solar systems, novae and super-novae - and the many others that occur within Our Galaxy); while the study of [Outer - as in extra-galactic] Deep Space is Cosmology.
Natural objects that orbit a star form that star's solar system. The name comes from the name of our star, which is Sol. Earth is part of the Solar System. Another star's system might be referred to by the name of that star, as in the Polaris System.
There are hundreds of thousands of asteroids in the Solar System, most of which orbit the Sun beyond Mars, but within Jupiter's orbit. By the way . . . since there is only one Solar System (Named from "Sol", our sun/star's name) you needn't say, "Our . . . "
solar system
Team Galactic's Boss' name is Cyrus.