The Irish Sea.
There are no significant bodies of water within 200 miles of Cheyenne.
The nearest town (eg Manassas). The North preferred to name them after the nearest river, or other water-course (eg Bull Run.)
Angeles City
name, distance, and population of nearest major city in redoubt
Jefferson City is the capital city of Missouri. A peninsula is a point of land extending into a body of water.
Acapulco Bay is near the city of Acapulco and it is on the Pacific Ocean.
North Egypt at the Nile Delta and into the Mediterranean Sea. A city near the delta at the mouth is Alexandria.
There's no way to tell since you didn't tell us the name of the city.
I presume you mean the battle of Sharpsburg. The answer is Antietam. The Confederates generally named the battles they fought after the nearest town whereas the Federals usually named battles for the nearest body of water. There were many exceptions to this practice.
Rovaniemi in Finland, Salekhard in Russia
It wasn't a town. It was at Pittsburg Landing on the West bank of the Tennessee River. The Union named its battles after the nearest body of water. The Confederates preferred the name of the nearest town. Shiloh Church was the nearest thing to a town, so they called it the battle of Shiloh.
During the civil war, the north tended to name their battles after the nearest body of water (usually a river or a stream, etc.) while the south tended to name theirs after the nearest town. Thus we have the confusion over Antietam (north)/sharpsburg (south) or bull run (north)/manassas (south).