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"Perfect" in Latin grammar refers to a verb tense that corresponds to the English past tense - "I ed" - or the English present perfect - "I have ed". In the active voice, the perfect is constructed from the verb's third principal part, with the endings -i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt (or -ere). For example, take the verb "to love", which is amo, amare, amavi, amatus. The third principal part is amavi; the full perfect active indicative paradigm is:

  • amavi - I [have] loved
  • amavisti - you (singular) [have] loved
  • amavit - he/she/it [has] loved
  • amavimus - we [have] loved
  • amivistis - you (plural) [have] loved
  • amaverunt/amavere - they [have] loved

In the passive voice, the perfect is constructed from the past participle (the fourth principal part, with the adjectival endings -us, -a, -um) plus the present tense of the verb "to be". For amare, this yields:

  • amatus sum - I was/have been loved (amata for a feminine subject; amatum for neuter)
  • amatus es - you (singular) were/have been loved (f. amata; n. amatum)
  • amatus est - he/she/it was/has been loved (f. amata; n. amatum)
  • amati sumus - we were/have been loved (f. amatae; n. amata)
  • amati estis - you (plural) were/have been loved (f. amatae; n. amata)
  • amati sunt - they were/have been loved (f. amatae; n. amata)
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