What is usually meant by pollen case is the outer protective coat of the pollen grain. It is a highly modified cell wall, with two layers. The interior layer is largely pectocellulose (a combination of pectin and cellulose) with a bit of callose, and the exterior is made of sporopollenin. Sporopollenin is so tough that its exact chemical structure has not been figured out. Atop the sporopollenin layer is a deposit of sticky goo made of pollenkitt and/or tryphine.
Yes it is made by M.P. Pollen & Zoon from the Netherlands
because gymnosperms rely on the mass production of pollen and wind for pollen transfer and pollination. as insects play a relatively small roll in the transfer of pollen there is no necessity for the plant to expend energy on producing colourful cones (as is the case with angiosperms and flowers).
Yes, in case of Pinus pollen producing cones (male cones) and seed producing cones (female cones) are present on the same plant. Such plants are called monoecious.
On maturity of pollen grains , the anther lobes burst open and the pollen grains released in large amonut are carried by wind to several meters away to settle on feathery stigma as in case of plants of grass family.
Matured pollen grains contained sperm cells. When Pollen grains are sticky, you have pollen. Pollen grains are contained in the pollen sac, with the purpose of helping plants reproduce.
if the bee receives pollen or nectar both sides benefit but that is not always the case.
I hate pollen! Pollen is annoying!!
There is no such sense of a pollen "rate," but there is of a pollen count. Which means the average pollen grains in a cubic meter!
the function of the pollen sac is to produce pollen (pollen grains). The pollen sac is the microsporangium of a seed plant in which pollen is produced. Most plants except coniferous plants contain four (4) pollen sacs.
No, the average number of pollen grains in a cubic meter of air is typically referred to as pollen concentration or pollen count, not pollen rate. The pollen rate could refer to the speed at which pollen is released or spread in the air.
Pollen Rate.
It would be considered heterogenous. If you were to look closely at the air with a light source present the pollen particles become a lot more evident. Only a mixture of gasses in this case would be considered homogenous because there is only one substance front as opposed to the clearly defined surface of a pollen grain.