polyploidy
twins
Polyploidy is the heritable condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes. Polyploids are common among plants, as well as among certain groups of fish and amphibians.
A gamete with more than one complete set of chromosomes is called a polyploid gamete. This may occur due to errors in cell division, resulting in an extra set of chromosomes. Polyploid gametes often lead to genetic abnormalities in offspring if fertilized.
The failure of replicated chromosomes to separate is called nondisjunction. This can lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes in daughter cells during cell division, which can result in genetic disorders such as Down syndrome.
Chromosomes can gain an extra copy of a gene during meiosis through a genetic event called non-disjunction, where homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly during cell division. This can lead to an uneven distribution of chromosomes in the resulting gametes, resulting in an extra copy of a gene in one of the daughter cells.
The condition in which an organism has complete extra sets of chromosomes is called polyploidy. This condition can cause a number of severe birth defects. Most do not live a full lifespan for their species.
Notions
The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called nondisjunction. This can result in an incorrect number of chromosomes in the daughter cells, leading to genetic disorders such as Down syndrome.
The extra set of chromosomes is obtained by replicating the original pair. The two chromosomes end up in different cells at the end of mitosis.
Heteroploidy refers to the presence of an abnormal number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell other than the usual two sets of chromosomes in diploid organisms. It can lead to genetic disorders and abnormalities in cell function. Examples include polyploidy (extra complete sets of chromosomes) and aneuploidy (loss or gain of individual chromosomes).
A karyotype analysis is the diagnostic tool that reveals missing or extra chromosomes, as well as some structural changes in an individual's chromosomes. This test involves arranging and visualizing the chromosomes from a cell sample to identify abnormalities.
non-disjunction