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Brass refers to either a rifle shell casing, or medals on a uniform
how much is 1942 shell casing mm.m18
The same as it is before it's fired - a casing. Some refer to an empty casing as a "shell" or "shell casing".
The extractor, which is part of the bolt. It clamps around the shell casing and has a ridge which locks into the cannelure of the shell casing (small indentation near the base of the cartridge which goes completely around the casing).
The length of the shell casing.
"They could match extractor marks on the shell, yes." If they don't have the gun and it's registered: Highly unlikely, unless it being registered they also get a spent shell casing with the extractor marks and firing pin indent on the firing cap. Also, if you don't "police" your brass, they have the shell casings at the scene, where there is likely a casing with your finger prints (loading the firearm) and possibly DNA (sweat or blood on the casing). Realistically though, if it's a standard shotgun, smooth bore barrel, and you shoot rifled slugs or buckshot and leave no evidence of the shell casings behind, they would have a hard time matching it to just the projectile part of it.
Sometimes yes, but not always.
Duty, honour, and country.
casing, framework, structure, shell, construction, skeleton, chassis
shell casing primer charge projectile
Primer, casing, gunpowder, wadding, shot
Shell casings are typically either brass, steel, or aluminum.