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What is the process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells forming large immune complexes?
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∙ 10y ago
B cell coreceptors
Wiki User
∙ 10y ago
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Foreign substance neutralized by antibodies in the immune process is called?
Antigen
What is the basic principle of the antigen-antibody reaction?
-the principle of antigen-antibody reaction is a process of the immune system in which immunoglobulin-coated B cells recognize a specific antigen and stimulate antibody production. T cells also play an essential role in the reaction. An antigen-antibody reaction begins with the binding of antigens to antibodies to form antigen-antibody complexes. These complexes may render toxic antigens harmless (neutralization), agglutinize antigens on the surface of microorganisms, or activate the complement system by exposing the complement binding sites on antibodies. Certain complement protein molecules immediately bind to these sites and trigger the activity of the other complement protein molecules, which cause antigen-bearing cells to lyse. Antigen-antibody reactions may start immediately with antigen contact or as much as 48 hours later. They normally produce immunity but may also be responsible for allergy, autoimmunity, and fetomaternal hematologic incompatibility. In the immediate allergic response, the antigen-antibody reaction activates certain enzymes and causes an imbalance between those enzymes and their inhibitors
How are antibodies produced?
lymphocytes make antibodies by first getting the antigen marker from a pathogen. Then, using a 'toolkit' of various protein fragments, they use the marker as a 'blueprint' to make the antibody.
Why are antibodies specific for certain antigens?
Antibodies binds to specific region in an antigen. Antibodies recognizes the part of an antigen and binds to specific region. Part of an antigen recognised by the antibody and binds is know as Antigenic Determinant or Epitope. Antibodies are generated by a sub set of immune cells called B cells. The main receptor for these cells are antibodies, although while they're bound to the surface of the B cell they are called B Cell Receptors (BCRs). While these cells are developing the BCR genes undergo a number of mutations, these mutations define the antigen binding region, which as described above, binds to the antigen. In fact there are so many possible ways the BCR genes can mutate that we can recognize a nearly infinite number of antigens. Then once your body has encountered an antigen the B cells that have BCRs that can react with the antigen begin to proliferate, and then they start excreting antibodies. After the infection is over, B cells will continue to refine they antigen specificity, that way when they encounter the infection again they can respond with much more specific antibodies and more quickly, this process is called affinity maturation.
When an antigen is detected several types of cells work together to recognize and respond to it These cells trigger the lymphocytes to produce antibodies This process is known as?
Humoral immunity
What happens to an antigen-antibody complex?
The antigen grows a memory cell instead of the Plasma cell and takes over the whole body and kills all of the antibodies.
In forming a water solution what process does an ionic compound undergo?
hydration of the ions- this forms aqua complexes. The energy of formation of the aqua complexes has to be greater than the energy holding the crystal together. This is true for NaCl which is a soluble compound, but untrue for calcium chloride which has very low solubility.
What is an antiphage?
Antiphage is a substance that includes live cultures which can be used to assist with the development of serums which may assist human immune systems with fighting some diseases. Antigen-binders can be combined with synthetically created antibodies in the process of creating Antiphage serums.
What is the last part of the planet forming process?
the process of planets forming is clashing rocks heat and energy
Why is it that an Rh-negative person does not have a transfusion reaction on the first exposure to Rh-positive blood but does have a reaction on the second exposure?
Because antibodies that cause the reaction are not naturally occurring. One has to be exposed to Rh in order to make antibodies to it. Its the same process as the reaction to a vaccine. The vaccine exposes you to an antigen and your body learns how to react to it in order to protect you from it. If you are exposed to the Rh factor, your body learns how to react to it, and so the next time you're exposed, the reaction is greater. The major blood groups are different. The antibodies occur naturally. A group O person typically has antibodies to blood from group A and group B donors. Whereas a group AB person doesn't have these antibodies. Also, there are lesser known antigen/antibody groups that can cause trouble. That's what makes my job in the Blood Bank more interesting.
What is the substance that stimulates the body to release antibodies?
An antigen stimulates the production of antibodies. These are either naturally acquired, like from mother to baby (via breast feeding and within the womb). Actively acquired, like you get chicken pox (varicella) and your body fights it off, but because your body has seen the virus it now knows how to fight it. There is also Passively Acquired immunities which are acheived via immunizations where a "dead" or small amount of virus is injected into your body so that your immune system can recognize it and know how to fight it if exposed. An antibody is a "memory cell" it identifies and kills the invader that it has seen before. HIV/ AIDS interrupts that process because it enters the nucleus and "takes over" the cells that identify the invaders... it's kind of a "smart virus".
What are blood antibodies?
Antibodies are cells that are made in the body. They are involved in immunity. Any foreign invader (antigen) that enters the body will be engulfed by its corresponding antibody, if that antibody is present in the body.
