decolonization
Decolonization
'Independent' refers to a state or entity being free from outside control or authority. 'Decolonization' refers to the process of undoing colonialism, where nations that were once colonies gain independence and sovereignty from their colonizers. Decolonization involves political, economic, social, and cultural changes to establish autonomy and self-determination for formerly colonized peoples.
Portugal colonized Brazil. Independence was gained in 7th September 1822, when prince D. Pedro de Alcântara de Bragança (from Portugal) claimed for it in a sort of pacific process.
World War II significantly weakened European empires, leading to a rapid decolonization process in the post-war period. The war drained European resources and diminished the military and economic strength of colonizing nations, making it increasingly difficult for them to maintain control over their colonies. Additionally, the rise of nationalist movements in colonized countries, coupled with changing global attitudes towards imperialism, accelerated the push for independence. As a result, many empires dismantled or granted independence to their colonies throughout the late 1940s and 1950s.
Africa has seen the most countries gain independence from European rule in the last 30 years. Many nations on the continent have achieved independence from colonial powers, particularly in the late 20th century, and while most achieved independence earlier, there have been a few instances of nations declaring independence or gaining sovereignty in recent decades. This trend highlights the ongoing process of decolonization and self-determination in Africa.
World War II significantly weakened European empires, leading to a rapid process of decolonization. Many colonial powers, exhausted by the war and facing economic hardships, could no longer maintain their overseas territories. This decline in imperial influence, combined with rising nationalist movements in colonized countries, resulted in the independence of numerous nations throughout Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean. Ultimately, the war marked a pivotal shift in global power dynamics, diminishing European dominance and fostering the emergence of new nations.
Angola's independence, achieved in 1975, was marked by a protracted and violent struggle against Portuguese colonial rule, characterized by a brutal civil war involving multiple factions. In contrast to many African nations that gained independence through negotiations or relatively peaceful transitions in the 1960s, Angola's path was shaped by Cold War dynamics, with external powers supporting different groups. This led to a fragmented post-independence landscape and a lengthy civil conflict that lasted until 2002, highlighting a more tumultuous and complex process compared to other African nations' independence movements.
Liberia was not exactly colonized in the traditional sense, but it was established as a settlement for freed American slaves in the early 19th century, with its first settlers arriving in 1822. The American Colonization Society played a significant role in this process until Liberia declared its independence in 1847. Thus, while the influence of the U.S. persisted for some years, the formal settlement period lasted about 25 years.
The rest of Latin America, which were already independent or in the process of independence.
Globalization is the process by which economies and cultures are many nations become integrated and interrelated.
Direct control of colonies meant that those colonized would be ruled by their masters or Europeans. Indirect control meant the colonized would retain their local leaders who in turn would be given instructions by their masters.
Celebrating an independence day is a process of asserting and celebrating independence and national identity. Country should fought to gain Independence. Pakistan never did it.