There may sometimes be a problem, usually temporary, that data is sent back and forth, or goes around in a loop, due to some routing error. If this happens, the data will eventually be discarded. Every time a packet is re-sent, the TTL is reduced by one; when it goes down to zero, the packet "dies".
differentiated services
next header
time to live
A packet will not go around networks endlessly because it has a field in the header called the TTL field. This is a number that limits the number of hops or networks a packet will be forwarded to.
The protocol field, in the IP header, identifies what kind of data is in the IP packet - the upper-layer protocol. For example, if the code is 6, that means that the data is a TCP segment.
in tcp header (32 bits) we have a field that is called options and padding that has variable in length and the header length shows the actual header size i.e size of 20 octets+size of options and padding field and in UDP we dont have any field like that and its header is fixed of 8 OCTETS (32 bits header size) refrence: WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS by William Stallings Second Edition pg 91(see fig)
TTL is a value in data packet of Internet Protocol. It communicates to the network router whether or not the packet should be in the network for too long or discarded. Usually, data packets might not be transmitted to their intended destination within a stipulated period of time. The TTL value is set by a system default value which is an 8-bit binary digit field in the header of the packet. The purpose of TTL is, it would specify certain time limit in seconds, for transmitting the packet header. When the time is exhausted, the packet would be discarded. Each router receives the subtracts count, when the packet is discarded, and when it becomes zero, the router detects the discarded packets and sends a message, Internet Control Message Protocol message back to the originating host.
1)Source and destination MAC Address 2)FCS Field
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CRC is used for this purpose. The control field is HEC (header error control).
clears an unreachable route from the routing table after the invalid timer expires prevents regular update messages from inappropriately reinstating a route that may have gone bad removes an unreachable route from the routing table after the flush timer expires limits the period of time or number of hops a packet can traverse through the network before it should be discarded used to mark the route as unreachable in a routing update that is sent to other routers
This 20-bit field provides a special service for real-time applications. It can be used to inform routers and switches to maintain the same path for the packet flow so that packets are not reordered.