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The three types of natural radioactivity are alpha, beta and gamma radiation. Gamma rays are the most energetic, and the hardest to shield against as they do not readily interact with shielding material.

Alpha and beta radiation are actually particles. The beta particle is an electron that has been released. Because of its mass, it more readily reacts with shielding material, and so cannot penetrate as far. Alpha particles are the largest and consist of two neutrons and two protons. Shielding is most effective against alpha particles. Your outer layer of dead skin or a T-shirt is generally enough to protect against alpha particles.

However, this effectiveness of shielding does not mean that gamma is always the most harmful and alpha the least. The high effectiveness of shielding on alpha particles is due to the fact that they most readily react with the shield (i.e. damage it). This means that if the alpha particle is able to come in contact with living tissue (like the ingestion of radioactive liquids) it will do far more damage than a beta particle or gamma ray.

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