There is no real relationship between their diameter and distance from the sun, except that you could say that the four outer gas planets are much bigger than the four inner rocky (or terrestrial) planets.
the planets
If two planets are in orbits with radii of R1 and R2, the distance between them varies from R2-R1 to R2+R1.
the combined diameter of the inner planets is 22,690 miles, or 26% the diameter of Jupiter.
AUs
The diameter of a terrestrial and jovian planets are comparable in the sense that the objects orbiting on a terrestrial level are often much bigger than those of jovian planets.
the planets
the planets
If two planets are in orbits with radii of R1 and R2, the distance between them varies from R2-R1 to R2+R1.
the combined diameter of the inner planets is 22,690 miles, or 26% the diameter of Jupiter.
the combined diameter of all the outer planets is 363,546 kilometers, or 84% the diameter of the sun.
INNER PLANETS - SmallEarth is the largest of the Inner Planets, with a diameter of 12,756 km (7,926 miles). Mercury is the smallest with a diameter of 4,878 km (3,031 miles)OUTER PLANETS - Huge!Jupiter, the largest planet, has a diameter of 142,984 km (88,846 miles). Neptune is the smallest of the Outer Planets with a diameter of 49,532 km (30,779 miles)
there is no true relationship between distance from the sun and orbit time as some planets go revolves at a different velocity.
The small planets are the ones smaller than 8000 miles in diameter. The large planets are the large ones larger than 30,000 miles in diameter.
A calendar of the planets' positions is called an Almanac or an Ephemeris.
Nothing in the positions of the planets affects humans. There is no proven connection between planetary activity and any individual's life.
The inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, vary in size. Mercury is the smallest, with a diameter of about 4,879 kilometers, while Earth is the largest, with a diameter of about 12,742 kilometers. Venus falls in between Mercury and Earth, with a diameter of about 12,104 kilometers. Mars is the second smallest, with a diameter of about 6,779 kilometers.
All the planets move constantly in their orbits around the Sun, so the apparent positions of the planets in the sky is also constantly changing. I recommend the Stellarium planetarium program.