The phases of the planet Venus are the different variations of lighting seen on the planet's surface
Galileo's observations of the gibbous phase of Venus proved that the Sun was the center of the Solar System, with the planets revolving around it. This disproved the prevailing theory of the time that the planets orbited around the Earth.
Venus is a solid planet.
No, Venus in its full phase is not visible from Earth. When Venus is in its full phase, it is positioned on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth, which means it is lost in the Sun's glare and not visible to us.
Although they are not considered "anamolies" now, at the time these observations did not fit into standard ideas about the cosmos: 1) Jupiter has moons. 2) The Milky Way consists of stars. 3) Venus has phases over time.
Galileo saw the four largest moons of Jupiter in orbit around the planet, proving that the Ptolemaic system was not simpler - the solar system was not geocentric (the planets and the sun did not orbit around the earth). As far as the observations of Venus go, Galileo saw that Venus displayed phases very much like our moon. Now, according to the Ptolemaic system, Venus could only display a crescent phase because its epicycle put it always in between Earth and the sun. The Copernican system put everything rotating around the sun, and in this way it explained the phases of Venus. Think of it this way, if Venus is always in between the sun and the earth, how can we ever see it completely lit up, like a full moon? The sun is always on the other side of it, so Venus must at some point go on the other side of the sun.
James Cook was hired by the Royal Geographic Society to make scientific observations of the transit of Venus. Tahiti was the best vantage point for these observations.
Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty, is associated with the planet Venus in astronomy. Venus is often referred to as the "morning star" or "evening star" due to its bright appearance in the sky. In Roman mythology, Venus is the equivalent of Aphrodite, further solidifying the connection between the goddess and the celestial body. This association reflects the cultural significance of Venus/Aphrodite in both mythology and early astronomical observations.
When Venus is in its full phase, Earth would appear in its new phase as seen by a hypothetical Venetian. This is because the position of Earth in relation to the Sun would cause it to appear fully illuminated from Venus, similar to how Venus appears fully illuminated from Earth during its full phase.
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Venus has been known as an "evening star" and a "morning star" since antiquity. In the early 17th century, Gallileo Gallilei made closer observations of Venus through a telescope and discovered that Venus had phases, one of the observations that led Gallileo to deduce that the Sun was the center of the Solar System, as opposed to the commonly held belief that the Earth was the center.
Galileo's observations of Jupiter and Venus provided critical support for Copernicus's heliocentric model. By observing Jupiter's moons, Galileo demonstrated that not all celestial bodies orbit the Earth, suggesting that the Earth is not the center of the universe. Additionally, his observations of Venus showed that it exhibited phases similar to the Moon, which could only be explained if Venus orbited the Sun, not the Earth. These findings reinforced the idea that the Sun, rather than the Earth, is at the center of our solar system.