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What is insulin's target pathway?
cytoplasm to ER to outside the cell
What is the enzyme PKC delta?
enzyme responsible in the insulin signaling pathway. phosphorylates substrates like IR.
What is the targeting pathway of insulin?
Endoplasmic Reticulum --> Golgi Apparatus --> outside the cell
Trace the pathway of exporting protiens from the cell?
Examples of secretory proteins are collagen, insulin, and digestive enzymes of the stomach and intestine.
What happens after insulin binds to GPCR?
Insulin does not bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs); instead, it binds to the insulin receptor, which is a receptor tyrosine kinase. Upon binding, the insulin receptor undergoes autophosphorylation and activates its intrinsic kinase activity, leading to the phosphorylation of downstream signaling proteins. This triggers various signaling pathways, including the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, which promotes glucose uptake and metabolism. Other pathways, such as the MAPK pathway, can also be activated, influencing cell growth and differentiation.
Insulin promotes all of these effects except the?
Insulin promotes various metabolic processes, including glucose uptake by cells, glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle, and fat storage. However, it does not promote gluconeogenesis, which is the process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, as insulin actually inhibits this pathway. Therefore, insulin does not support the increase of blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis.
What is the pathway of the synthesis and secretion of insulin?
Insulin synthesis begins in the pancreas's beta cells, where preproinsulin is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). It is then processed into proinsulin, which is transported to the Golgi apparatus, where it matures into insulin through the removal of the C-peptide. The mature insulin is stored in secretory granules until glucose levels rise, triggering exocytosis, which releases insulin into the bloodstream. This process helps regulate blood sugar levels effectively.
Whats a mechanism that would allow insulin to open a pore?
Insulin opens a pore, specifically in the context of glucose uptake, primarily through its interaction with insulin receptors on cell membranes. When insulin binds to its receptor, it triggers a signaling cascade involving the activation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and subsequent pathways like the PI3K/Akt pathway. This signaling promotes the translocation of glucose transporter proteins, such as GLUT4, to the cell membrane, effectively creating a pore through which glucose can enter the cell.
How can soccer prevent type 2 diabetes?
Type II diabetes is commonly associated with obese or overweight people because the fat within their bodies can hijack the insulin signalling pathway making cells insensitive to insulin. Soccer as a form of exercise can reduce the amount of fat (adipose tissue).
Does insulin have a second messenger?
Insulin itself does not have a second messenger; rather, it acts through a receptor on the cell surface, specifically the insulin receptor. Upon binding of insulin to its receptor, a series of intracellular signaling cascades is activated, primarily through the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the receptor and subsequent recruitment of signaling proteins. This leads to the activation of pathways such as the PI3K/Akt pathway, which is crucial for glucose uptake and metabolism. Thus, while insulin initiates a signaling cascade, it does not have a traditional second messenger like hormones such as epinephrine, which utilizes cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a secondary messenger.
What is the pathway between the receptor and the control center in the reflex pathway called?
Afferent pathway
What is lantus insulin?
It is a long acting insulin.
