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Invert Level is the bottom of the pipe, reduced level is the middle of the pipe.
In the context of Civil Engineering, especially land surveying, Reduced Level "RL" refers to reducing (or equating) levels (elevations) to a common datum, which is either a real or imaginary location with a nominated elevation of zero. The most common convenient datum was mean sea level. On small surveys that require the collection of elevation data the datum can be assumed and for practical purposes it simply needs to be far enough below the survey area to avoid negative numbers, thus the starting point of a survey might be nominated to be RL 100.00
In civil engineering, the invert level is the base inside level of a pipe, trench or tunnel the carries liquid, considered the "floor" level. It is used to determine the hydraulic gradient.
metres above the mean sea level
Invert Level and Invert Elevation are one in the same. Invert Level = Invert Elevation (IE).
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Polder
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There are over a dozen countries that have polders, but Holland (also known as the Netherlands) has the most and is the country most famous for them. Because so much of the land lies below sea level, it is necessary to build dikes or embankments to hold back the ocean water and prevent flooding. The Dutch first started building polders about a thousand years ago and there are now about 3,000 in their country. Polders are low lying tracts of land usually protected by embankments or dikes. Comes from a Dutch word 'poire' Land claimed from water covered sources, lakes and seas.
After a huge flood in 1953, Netherlands created 350 miles (563 kilometers) or dikes to protect the small country. About 75 percent of the flat, low-lying country is located below sea level.
It is generally assumed that Antarctica has no surface locations below sea level. This is because any area that is below sea level has been filled in and covered by ice. However, there is a coastal area of the rocky Vestfold Hills in coastal Antarctica which has valleys below sea level, as low as -50 meters (150 feet). (These mountains are south of the Indian Ocean, due south of westernmost India.)
Much of the Netherlands is below sea level and the sea is kept out with a great system of dikes. If the sea level rises, then there will be massive flooding. Venice is concerned about the effects of global warming because of the risk of the rise in sea level, it could put the city under 20cm of water.
The European nation that has had much land reclaimed from the sea is the Netherlands. Much of the nation is below sea level and is protected by a vast system of dikes that hold the water back.
Because Holland is lower than the sea level, we have dykes to keep Holland from flooding. Though it is said that the sea level is going to be more high in 15 years or something. Eventually, Holland will flood.
Yes. Not too many countries are below sea level, even in part. Holland has, over centuries, reclaimed some land from the sea using an extensive network of dikes, and there are natural depressions in the Earth's land surface such as that around the Dead Sea in the Middle East.
The Netherlands has a sea-climate. It also doesn't lie anywhere near a fault line, where two earth plates hit each other. Therefor, there have never been real tragedies concerning water. There was a flood in 1421 which claimed some lives and one in 1953 that claimed 1835 human lives and some cattle. The Dutch have embankments (these are basically elevated parts of dirt, rocks and other natural material) along most rivers. When the snow in the Alps (mainly, there's more) melts during spring, this water flows through those rivers. The embankments stop the rivers from flooding and doing damage. In the south-west, there are mechanical dams that close when there is a heavy storm at sea, to prevent a repetition of the flood of 1953. As I said, there are no real tragedies concerning water. If the Netherlands is ever hit by a hurricane, tsunami or whatnot, most would not survive. Over half of the country lies below sea level.