Unix has the following categories of users:
Superuser - root account, can do anything on the system
ordinary user - has no special privileges
restricted user - is restricted in what they can do in the shell and programs they can run.
Different shells are not required in Unix; they happen to be available to users to switch to if they wish. Different shells have different environments, depending on what type of user you are. Some users prefer one shell environment over another but it is merely personal choice, not a requirement.
Unix work is performed by users of the unix system, for application and system programs, or anything that requires a Unix system.
Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment was created in 1992.
Yes, quite a bit of companies and users use unix.
Unix configuration is the process of tailoring a freshly installed version of Unix to your particular environment. Each Unix system may do that differently.
The 'who' command merely tells you the users that are logged in and when they logged in. It doesn't give any more information. The default shell for Unix can be different for different users; if you are talking about the login shell, then you can find out the login environment for users by either using the 'finger' command on an individual user, or looking at the /etc/passwd file. It will be the last field on each line for each user.
In a sense, I suppose you could say it was a descendant of Unix; it is actually a clone of the Unix environment and Operating System.
There are many ways to do this, but the fastest and easiest is to use the 'uptime' command, which will tell you in a summary line how many users are logged in.
Solaris is a specific version of Unix; the term 'Unix' refers to a classification, and several vendors provide a Unix-like environment. So, in a sense, Unix and Solaris are the same thing.
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In general Linux has no restrictions on the number of users in a server. Commercial Unix vendors vary in what they allow by licensing, so it depends on the vendor.
It would take a very long time to learn all of the Unix commands, and frankly, that isn't necessary. Most Unix users have a subset of commands they use all the time, and that is how they learn them.