They do not use units: they use the fact that stars are not galaxies. For example, you don't use units to measure the difference between children and countries.
It is possible that someday astronomers will measure all the distances of the 100 billion galaxies in the universe.
It is possible that astronomers will measure all the sizes of 100 billion galaxies in the observable universe.
Someday astronomers may have measured all the distances of 100 billion galaxies in the observable universe.
The evidence for Hubble's Law, which shows the relationship between distance and recession velocity of galaxies, was collected through observing the redshift of light from galaxies. Astronomers used spectroscopy to measure the redshift of galaxies, which is caused by the Doppler effect as the galaxies move away from us. By studying the redshift of galaxies at different distances, astronomers were able to support the idea that the universe is expanding.
No. We do not have time to make so many measurements.
Edwin Hubble used Cepheid variable stars to measure the distances to galaxies. These stars have a relationship between their luminosity and pulsation period, allowing astronomers to calculate their distance based on their observed brightness.
The parsec is 3.26 light years. Astronomers measure distances to remote galaxies in megaparsecs--millions of parsecs. This is about the longest commonly used length metric.
How do they measure what?
shifted to longer wavelengths, indicating that the galaxies were moving away from us. This observation led to the development of the theory of the expanding universe.
difference in differences uses panel data to measure the differences
The general tendency is for galaxies that are farther away from us, to move away from us faster. This can give a rough idea of a galaxy's distance, just by observing its redshift (which is a measure of how fast it moves away from us).
lightyears