It's brass, not bronze, and is only worth face value.
Tin extraction and use can be dated to the beginnings of the Bronze Age around 3000 BC
Nails were invented thousands of year ago. The Bronze nails, found in Egypt, have been dated 3400 BC.
The Maria Theresa thaler coin was first minted in 1741 but after 1780, has since been dated to 1780. The coin was once accepted as a form of global currency, but is today seen as a collectors' item instead.
None of the coins listed in this question contain any silver or gold. All are just face value.
The value of a 180 einen thaler coin can vary depending on its condition, rarity, and historical significance. It is recommended to consult with a numismatic expert or use online resources such as coin pricing guides to determine its specific value.
If it's dated after 1949, it's from Germany prior to adoption of the euro and is worth about one cent. If it's older than that please post a new question with the coin's date and a brief description of its design.
The easy way is by the date. 1909 to 1958 (except the 1943 steel coins) are bronze. 1959 to 1981 are a copper alloy that technically is not bronze. 1982 was the transition year from a copper alloy to the zinc cents we now have. Coins of both compositions exist only for 1982 dated coins. 1983 to date are zinc.
All 1941 US and Canadian cents are bronze. The only steel US cents are dated 1943, and were made to save copper for the war effort. Canada used bronze during the war but switched to steel in 2002 as a money-saving move.
The 4th inauguration medals for FDR are dated 1945 and made of bronze. Please post new question with a better description of the 1944 piece.
A restrike is a coin that is minted later than what the date says on it. For example, all examples of the Maria Therisa Thaler from 1780 onwards are dated 1780, and the Austrian mint still produces them today, but they are all dated 1780. Re-strikes are not the same as reproduction coins because re-strikes are either authorized by the mint that first produced them (as in the case of the thaler) or struck from authentic dies later on (as in confederate half dollar restrikes). It is important to know if a coin you are buying is a restrike or not if you are looking for a particularly old coin, because some less knowledgeable or fraudulent dealers will make the date on the coin a major selling point, despite the coin not being struck in that date.
More than 800 Million have been struck to date, all dated 1780 The thaler became the unofficial currency in some areas of Africa and Asia, and is still in use today as a "trade silver dollar" in many Arabian bazaars.