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What is a female peseria and what does it look like?
I THINK you mean pessary- a soft device placed in the vagina to support other internal organs. They come in different sizes and shapes. This is a link to a hospital information page on them. http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Departments_and_Services/obgyn/Services/urogynecology/pessary.aspx
Do you need a masters degree to become a obstetrician gynecologist?
In India, on the other hand, to become an obstetrician-gynecologist (OB-GYN), you must first be involved in a post-graduation or master's degree as additional to the completion of MBBS. The Steps to Become an OB-GYN in India: 1. MBBS (Five and a half years) There are 4.5 years of academic study and a one-year mandatory internship as well. 2. Clear NEET-PG An applicant has to clear NEET-PG to meet the eligibility for the postgraduate medical course. 3. Complete Postgraduate Courses in Obstetrics & Gynecology: MD in Obstetrics & Gynecology (3 years) MS in Obstetrics & Gynecology (3 years) DNB in Obstetrics & Gynecology (3 years) (an alternative to MD/MS) DGO (Diploma in Obstetrics & Gynecology) (2 years) (but it is shorter than MD/MS) 4. Super-Specialization (Optional, Post MD/MS/DNB) If you plan to specialize with aging, you may do your DM/MCh/Fellowship in Reproductive Medicine, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Gynecologic Oncology, Urogynecology and/or Laparoscopic Surgery. An MD/MS/DNB in Obstetrics & Gynaecology means you will be eligible to work as an OB-Gyn licensed in hospitals, clinics, or private practice. How Does the DigiNerve Application Facilitate in Your Journey of Becoming an OB-GYN If the yearning is towards excruciating preparation for the NEET-PG entrance examination or post-graduation as an MD/MS in Obstetrics and Gynecology – expert counsel is required. DigiNerve offers to its users the best e-lectures in OB GYN and provides instructions from the best faculty members of India on some of the most difficult yet fundamental topics, clinical cases, and those that drill down exam specific questions. DigiNerve does this by offering clean sharp diagrams and detailed notes as part of the course material that will enable you to get to the root of any topic and be able to answer both questions at theoretical and practical section level.
More Than Just Pregnancy - A Complete Look at Gynecology?
The term “Gynecology� literally means “the science of women�. Gynecology is a medical specialty that deals with the entire female reproductive track. The internal female reproductive organs include the uterus, vagina, cervix, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The external organs include the labia, clitoris and urethra. Many Gynecologists, or doctors who practice Gynecology, also practice Obstetrics. Obstetrics is the medical specialty of caring for women and fetuses during and after pregnancy and childbirth. Many people confuse the two medical practices, believing they are one in the same, but in reality, gynecology is important for a woman of any age. Gynecologists are also frequently trained surgeons. The Gynecologist, in a hospital or outpatient setting, can perform several different surgical procedures of the reproductive organs. One of the most commonly performed procedures is the Dilation and Curettage, or the D&C, in which the Gynecologist removes the contents of the uterus. Another common gynecological procedure is a hysterectomy. During a hysterectomy, the entire uterus is removed. Gynecologists are also trained in surgical treatment of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. There are four sub-specialties of Gynecology, each focusing on a specific area of female reproductive health. The sub-specialty of Gynecology specializing in infertility, called Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, uses prescription therapy along with in-vitro fertilization to help infertile couples conceive. Gynecologic Oncology is the sub-specialty of Gynecology that is concerned with gynecological cancers and their treatment. Urinary tract issues and pelvic floor and organ abnormalities are treated by the sub-specialty of Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery. For women requiring specific care due to complications of pregnancy, the fourth sub-specialty of Gynecology is Maternal/Fetal Medicine. Gynecology is both a preventative and therapeutic practice. Through gynecological exams, tests and procedures, a doctor is able to diagnose and treat illness. With regular visits and screenings, reproductive organ diseases can be caught early, or avoided all together. Gynecology also deals with menstrual disturbances, hormone replacement, infectious disease, cancer, contraceptives and infertility.
Urethritis - chronic?
DefinitionChronic urethritis is long-term swelling and irritation (inflammation) of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the body. This inflammation continues for weeks to months.Alternative NamesUrethral syndromeCauses, incidence, and risk factorsChronic urethritis is usually caused by a bacterial infection or structural problem that leads to narrowing of the urethra.Causes include:E. coli bacteriaSexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydia and gonorrheaPersonal hygiene products, especially feminine productsChronic urethritis occurs in both women and men.SymptomsFrequent and urgent urinationPainful urinationUrethral discharge (bloody or pus-like, and often foul-smelling)Signs and testsCystoscopy and urethroscopyUrinalysisUrine culture (clean catch)Urethral discharge cultureVaginal cultureTreatmentIf there is an infection, you will be given antibiotics. A follow-up urinalysis or culture will be done after you finish all of the medicine to make sure the infection has cleared.Women who have repeated episodes of intercourse-related urethritis or cystitis may need to take a dose of preventive antibiotics before or after intercourse.Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) may be prescribed to decrease urinary discomfort.You should stop using any possible chemical irritants.Expectations (prognosis)In most cases, the health care provider can find the cause of the urethritis and treat it.Chronic urethritis can lead to narrowing (urethral strictures). Surgery or another medical procedure may be needed to correct the problem.ComplicationsA long-term, untreated infection may cause the urethra to narrow even more, making it difficult to completely empty the bladder. Recurrent urinary tract infections may also occur.Other complications may include:Damage to the urinary tract system, including impairment of kidney functionKidney infection (pyelonephritis)Calling your health care providerSee your health care provider if you have symptoms of chronic urethritis.PreventionWomen who have symptoms that occur with intercourse may benefit from taking a small dose of antibiotics after intercourse to prevent urethritis and cystitis.It is important for you and your sexual partners to practice good hygiene. Safer sex behaviors can decrease the risk of developing sexually transmitted diseases, which can cause urethritis.Getting treatment as soon as symptoms appear can help prevent damage to the urethra.ReferencesNickel JC. Inflammatory conditions of the male genitourinary tract: prostatitis and related conditions, orchitis, and epididymitis. In: Wein AJ, ed. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 9.Frenkl T, Potts J. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Wein AJ, ed. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 11.Lentz GM. Urogynecology: physiology of micturition, diagnosis of voiding dysfunction, and incontinence: surgical and nonsurgical treatment. In: Katz VL, Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2007: chap 21.Eckert LO, Lentz GM. Infections of the lower genital tract: vulva, vagina, cervix, toxic shock syndrome, HIV infections. In: Katz VL, Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2007: chap 22.
Cystitis - noninfectious?
DefinitionNoninfectious cystitis is irritation of the bladder that is not caused by a urinary tract infection.Alternative NamesAbacterial cystitis; Radiation cystitis; Chemical cystitis; Urethral syndrome - acuteCauses, incidence, and risk factorsNoninfectious cystitis is most common in women of childbearing years. The exact cause of noninfectious cystitis is often unknown. However, it has been associated with the use of bubble baths, feminine hygiene sprays, sanitary napkins, spermicidal jellies, radiation therapyto the pelvis area, certain types of chemotherapy medications, history of severe or repeated bladder infections, among other irritants.Certain foods, such as tomatoes, artificial sweeteners, caffeinated products, chocolate, and alcohol, can cause irritative bladder symptoms.See also: Interstitial cystitisSymptomsPressure in the lower pelvisPainful urinationFrequent need to urinateUrgent need to urinateDecreased ability to hold urineNeed to urinate at nightAbnormal urine color -- cloudyBlood in the urineFoul or strong urine odorAdditional symptoms that may be associated with this disease:Pain during sexual intercoursePenile painFlank painFatigueSigns and testsA urinalysis may reveal red blood cells (RBCs) and some white blood cells (WBCs). A microscopic examination of the urine by a pathologist may be done to look for cancerous cells.A urine culture (clean catch) or catheterized urine specimenwill reveal whether you have a bacterial infection.If the cystitis is related to radiation or chemotherapy, urine tests and cystoscopy (use of lighted instrument to look inside the bladder) may be needed.TreatmentThe goal of treatment is to manage the symptoms.Medical Treatments:Anticholinergic drugs can help improve bladder contraction and emptying. Possible side effects include slowed heart rate, low blood pressure, increased thirst, and constipation.Muscle relaxants (such as diazepam) and alpha-1 blockers (prazosin) may be used to reduce the strong urge to urinate or need to urinate frequently.Surgery is rarely performed unless a person has severe urinary retention or significant blood in the urine.Diet:Avoid fluids that irritate the bladder such as alcohol, citrus juices, and caffeine.Other therapies:Bladder exercises to re-establish a pattern of regular and complete urination may help. Bladder training exercises involve developing a schedule of times when you should try to urinate, while trying to delay urination at all other times. One method is to force yourself to urinate every 1 to 1 and 1/2 hours, despite any leakage or urge to urinate in between these times. As you become skilled at waiting this long, gradually increase the time intervals by 1/2 hour until you are urinating every 3 to 4 hours.Pelvic muscle strengthening exercises called Kegel exercises are used primarily to treat people with stress incontinence. However, these exercises may also help relieve symptoms of urgency related to long-term (chronic) noninfectious cystitis. Performing the exercises properly and regularly increases the method's success.Electrical stimulation to the pelvis may be used as a treatment for noninfectious cystitis, but this is controversial.Expectations (prognosis)Although most cases of cystitis are uncomfortable, they usually resolve over time.ComplicationsUlceration of bladder wallUrethral strictureDiminished bladder capacityBladder cancerAnemiaCalling your health care providerCall your health care provider if you have symptoms of cystitis, or if you have been diagnosed with cystitis and symptoms worsen or new symptoms develop, especially fever, back or flank pain, and vomiting.PreventionAvoid using items that may be irritants such as bubble baths, feminine hygiene sprays, sanitary napkins or tampons (especially scented products), and spermicidal jellies.If you need to use such products, try to find those that do not cause irritation for you.ReferencesHanno PM. Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis and related disorders. In: Wein AJ, ed. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 10.Lentz GM. Urogynecology: Physiology of micturition, Diagnosis of voiding dysfunction, and incontinence: Surgical and nonsurgical treatment. In: Katz VL, Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2007:chap 21.
Urethritis?
DefinitionUrethritis is inflammation of the urethra from any cause.Causes, incidence, and risk factorsUrethritis may be caused by bacteria or a virus. The same bacteria that cause urinary tract infections(E. coli) and some sexually transmitted diseases (chlamydia, gonorrhea) can lead to urethritis. Viral causes of urethritis include herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus.Other causes include:Sensitivity to the chemicals used in spermicides or contraceptive jellies, creams, or foamsInjuryRisks for urethritis include:High-risk sexual behavior (such as anal sex without a condom)History of sexually transmitted diseasesMale, ages 20 - 35Many sexual partnersYoung women in their reproductive yearsSymptomsIn men:Blood in the urine or semenBurning pain while urinating (dysuria)Discharge from penisFever (rare)Frequent or urgent urinationItching, tenderness, or swelling in penis or groin areaPain with intercourse or ejaculationIn women:Abdominal painBurning pain while urinatingFever and chillsFrequent or urgent urinationPelvic painVaginal dischargeSigns and testsThe health care provider will perform a physical examination. In men, the exam will include the abdomen, bladder area, penis, and scrotum. The physical exam may show:Discharge from the penisTender and enlarged lymph nodes in the groin areaTender and swollen penisA digital rectal exam will also be performed.Women will have abdominal and pelvic exams. The health care provider will check for:Discharge from the urethraTenderness of the lower abdomenTenderness of the uterusThe following tests may be done:Complete blood count (CBC)C-reactive protein testPelvic ultrasound (women only)Pregnancy test (women only)Urinalysis and urine culturesTests for gonorrhea, chlamydia, and other sexually transmitted diseasesTreatmentThe goals of therapy are to:Improve symptomsPrevent the spread of infectionEliminate the cause of infectionAntibiotic therapy should target the bacteria causing the infection. In some cases, antibiotics may need to be given through a vein (by IV). You may take pain relievers (including pyridium, which works on the urinary tract) along with antibiotics.People with urethritis who are being treated should avoid sex or use condoms during sex. If an infection is the cause of the inflammation, your sexual partner must also be treated.Urethritis caused by trauma or chemical irritants is treated by avoiding the source of injury or irritation.Expectations (prognosis)With the correct diagnosis and treatment, urethritis usually clears up without any complications. However, urethritis can lead to permanent damage to the urethra (scar tissue called urethral stricture) and other urinary organs in both men and women.ComplicationsMen with urethritis are at risk for the following complications:CystitisEpididymitisOrchitisPyelonephritisProstatitisUrethral strictureWomen with urethritis are at risk for the following complications:CervicitisCystitisEctopic pregnancyFertility problemsMiscarriagePelvic inflammatory disease (PID)Pregnancy complicationsPyelonephritisSalpingitis (infection of the ovaries)Calling your health care providerCall your health care provider if you have symptoms of urethritis.PreventionSome causes of urethritis may be avoided with good personal hygiene and by practicing safer sexual behaviors such as monogamy (one sexual partner only) and using condoms.ReferencesGerber GS, Brendler CB. Evaluation of the urologic patient: history, physical examination, and urinalysis. In: Wein AJ, ed. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 3.Frenkl T, Potts J. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Wein AJ, ed. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 11.Lentz GM. Urogynecology: physiology of micturition, diagnosis of voiding dysfunction, and incontinence: surgical and nonsurgical treatment. In: Katz VL, Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2007: chap 21.Eckert LO, Lentz GM. Infections of the lower genital tract: vulva, vagina, cervix, toxic shock syndrome, HIV infections. In: Katz VL, Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2007: chap 22.
What the advantages of being an obgyn?
AnswerAn obstetrician is a physician that specializes in caring for pregnant women through childbirth. Women with complicated or difficult pregnancies make up a majority of their work. Many obstetricians also train as gynecologists so they are able to give medical advice and treatment concerning a woman's reproductive system. Most students in residency study both gynecology and obstetrics and then decide on their career path. Often medical students find themselves drawn to this career due to the amazing occurrence of life through the birth of a baby.An obstetrician closely monitors their patient's health during pregnancy and delivery. They diagnose fetus abnormalities or health issues of their patient and offer healthy living advice and treatment. They see their patients on a regular basis for health consultations, ultrasounds and any of their patient's prenatal medical needs including forming a birth plan. The frequency of a patients check up often depends on risk factors and resources.Some of the most rewarding aspects of an obstetrician's career is helping pregnant women and their unborn babies and solving often difficult and life threatening problems. They specialize in managing pregnancy, labor and the period directly following childbirth. This is often stressful so they should possess the ability to deal with stress, have excellent clinical skills, and yet remain compassionate. Some of the subspecialties that an obstetrician may specialize in are gynecologic oncology, reproductive endocrinology, critical care medicine and maternal fetal medicine. An obstetrician is invaluable when it comes to high-risk pregnancy and births and their expertise and training often results in a healthy mother and child.Common work activities include: Consulting with pregnant women that have been screened as at risk for problems with their pregnancies.Conducting regular pregnancy examinations for women during the pregnancy including ultra-sound examinations, blood pressure and physical examinations as required.Assisting mothers in understanding the pregnancy and the stages of development of the baby.Monitoring high risk pregnancies and referring mothers to specific specialists to help monitor and support the pregnancy.Delivering babies and performing the first examination of the baby to ensure the baby is healthy or responding to any problems that may occur.Keeping up-to-date on current advances in treating mothers and infants.Charting and keeping accurate records of treatments for both mothers and newborns.Check out all of the online nursing degrees offered by a variety of schools offering programs online in nursing studies. 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