Aside from Radio (used while submarines are at periscope depth), submarines and surface ships use underwater telephones to communicate. Essentially it's just a high-frequency sonar communication system, where the voice signal is modulated, transmitted by the UWT system, then demodulated by the receiving system so the voice transmission is understood.
If you understand how modern Scuba communications work, it's the same thing; in fact, the technology came from the Navy to begin with.
The only drawback to the UWT system is the ocean environment itself. Like any underwater sound transmission system, the sound is subject to the thermal, depth, and salinity conditions of the transmitting source.
A periscope is used to observe the surface from a submarine
Q Ships - which were merchant ships armed with camouflaged weapons which could be used against surface submarines.
Yes sonar can be used at periscope depth. Surface ships also have sonar arrays on them. They are usually used to detect submarines.
Nuclear power is used to generate electricity.
They were used by submarines to navigate when not in open waters, They were also used by submarines and anti-submarine ships to locate enemy submarines.
Under water bombs are called naval mines. Under water bombs are used to destroy surface ships or submarines.
Submarines are still used by many navies to watch other navies ships and to protect coastlines secretly.
They were used mainly to sink enemy transport ships.
World War I submarines were primarily used to locate and attack surface cargo and warships.
Torpedoes are used by military ships to destroy other ships. They are usually used by submarines and they can have guidance systems (Usually wire-guided).
A Periscope or Radar
Unterseeboot, known as 'U Boats'