Hydrogen bonds are predominantly electrostatic interactions between a weakly acidic donor group and an acceptor atom that bears a lone pair of electrons. Hydrogen bonds are categorized as weak bonds. Hydrogen bonds are usually represented as D-H . . . A, where D-H is a weakly acidic "donor group" such as N-H or O-H, and A is a lone-pair bearing and thus weakly basic "acceptor atom" such as N or O.
In biological systems, hydrogen bonds have association energies in the range -12 to -30 kJ mol-1, are much more directional than van der Waals forces although less than covalent bonds. The distance of D . . . A is normally in the range 2.7 to 3.1 angstroms.
Hydrogen bond
a covalent bond
Covalent bond
hydrogen bond
polar covalent
A polar covalent bond is formed between hydrogen and chlorine. This bond is formed by the unequal sharing of electrons, with chlorine attracting the electrons more strongly than hydrogen.
Hydrogen and phosphorus can form a covalent bond by sharing electrons. This type of bond results in a molecule where the hydrogen atom and the phosphorus atom are held together by the shared pair of electrons.
Hydrogen Bonds
A molecule with hydrogen bonded to O, N, or F
A hydrogen bond.
Hydrogen bond
The two atoms share their electrons - so it is a covalent bond ie a shared pair.