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Athens over-reached itself in interfering in the affairs of the other Greek city-states, overconfident that its power, war fleet and financial resources could protect it. The Peloponnesian League led by Sparta called its bluff, and Athens lost a destructive 27-year war and was stripped of its empire, becoming thereafter a second rate power.

The turning point in the war was the intervention of Persia, which still had payback to make over its defeat by the Athenian-led Delian League. It provided the Peloponnesian League with the money to build a navy to match the hitherto-unbeatable Athenian navy, and also to pay more than Athens to attract the best warship rowers from Athenian service into the Peloponnesian fleet.

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Tomasa Okuneva

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