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For Judaism and Christianity it is Jerusalem. For Islam it is Mecca.
Israel; and after that, America.
Israel.
No, Christianity was not born out of Judaism. In reality, Christianity is based on the rejection of Judaism. Additionally, Judaism is not something to be fulfilled, it is a way of life given to us Jews as to how we can live righteously. That being said, most Christian denominations have historically taught that Christianity replaces Judaism.
Judaism.
That depends when. Before they were exiled all over the world, the Jews were in Israel.
God's covenant and His help. The fact that the Jews possessed a religious text (The Torah). The fact that for many centuries Judaism was based in one location (Israel).
Sounds like a Zen koan. In Judaism, a Jew is fully a member of the Jewish people if he/she was born Jewish, or had a valid conversion into Judaism. Religious Judaism holds that a Jew can most fully express and nurture their Judaism by living according to the Torah. This is called by several names: religious Judaism; Torah-Judaism; Orthodox Judaism.
HaShem, The Creator is not a person and was never born.
According to our tradition, he (Abraham) was born in 1812 BCE.
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (oldest to youngest). Islam, Judaism, & Christianity (largest to smallest).
Yes.