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The civil war over the Theban royal succession is the major event that both precedes and leads to the opening scene of "Antigone" by Sophocles (495 B.C.E. - 405 B.C.E.).

Specifically, twin brothers Eteocles and Polyneices are supposed to alternate years of rule in a joint power-sharing arrangement. But Eteocles refuses to give up the crown when his year is up. He exiles Polyneices, who organizes an army of disgruntled Thebans and sympathetic Argives. Polyneices' attacking forces and Eteocles' defending forces meet on the battlefield outside Thebes. The defenders win, but the leaders of both forces kill each other during the war's final battle.

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