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What make insulin?

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Anonymous

11y ago
Updated: 9/26/2022

Insulin is produced in the pancreas and released when any of the several stimuli is detected. The stimuli include ingested protein and glucose in the blood produced from digested food. Carbohydrate can be polymers of simple sugars or the simple sugars themselves. If the carbohydrate includes glucose then that glucose will be absorbed into the blood stream and blood glucose level will begin to rise. In target cells, insulin initiates a signal transduction, which has the effect of increasing glucose uptake and storage. Finally, insulin is degraded, terminating the response.Insulin undergoes extensive posttranslational modification along the production pathway. Production and secretion are largely independent; prepared insulin is stored awaiting secretion. Both C-peptide and mature insulin are biologically active. Cell components and proteins in this image are not to scale.

In mammals, insulin is synthesized in the pancreas within the beta cells (β-cells) of the islets of Langerhans. One million to three million islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets) form the endocrine part of the pancreas, which is primarily an exocrine gland. The endocrine portion only accounts for 2% of the total mass of the pancreas. Within the islets of Langerhans, beta cells constitute 60-80% of all the cells.

In beta cells, insulin is synthesized from the proinsulin precursor molecule by the action of proteolytic enzymes, known as prohormone convertases (PC1 and PC2), as well as the exoprotease carboxypeptidase E. These modifications of proinsulin remove the center portion of the molecule (ie, C-peptide), from the C- and N- terminal ends of proinsulin. The remaining polypeptides (51 amino acids in total), the B- and A- chains, are bound together by disulfide bonds/disulphide bonds. Confusingly, the primary sequence of proinsulin goes in the order "B-C-A", since B and A chains were identified on the basis of mass, and the C peptide was discovered after the others.

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Gerardo Glover

Lvl 13
3y ago

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Which glands make insulin?

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Insulin is usually made in your body automatically; diabetes is when your body does not make enough insulin. So some people with diabetes have to take insulin to control their blood sugar.


How bacteria can make human insulin?

Yes, bacteria are used to make insulin. First restriction enzymes cut a human DNA strand where the gene to make insulin is located. Then, that fragment of human DNA is inserted into a bateria plasmid that reproduces and as it reproduces it creates more insulin.


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Humans, who are not diabetic, make the insulin they need within their own bodies.


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Insulin is made in the pancreas, not by blood cells. They have other jobs to do.


Why do you have to use insulin when you have diabetes?

Everyone has insulin and the pancreas makes it. When your body doesn't make insulin that is diabetes. Insulin is the liquid the pancreas makes so that you can break down nutritious food into energy. So with diabetes you have to get the insulin with a shot in the arm, leg, butt, or stomach.


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Insulin cannot cross the placenta, so if a person were to never make insulin they would probably die in utero. The normal human fetus begins making its own insulin at about day 14.


Does the pancreas make mucus?

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What is smart insulin?

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