yes
Two independent elastic constants
Most polycrystalline materials consist of randomly arranged crystals or "grains." Although individual grains have different orientations and behave anisotropically by themselves, at a larger scale the material behavior is determined by the sum of many grain orientations, and the bulk material acts in an isotropic manner. There are some notable exceptions to this generalization. If the crystals or grains in a solid material are all aligned in the same or similar directions (called "columnar" orientation of grains), as is the case in some turbine blades, the crystal will exhibit anisotropic behavior.
Isotropic propagation refers to transmission when the electromagnetic radiation radiate uniformly in all direction in the shape of "sphere" (assuming free-space physical model). Such radio propagation is also known as "omni-directional".
In physics it means having uniform physical properties in all diections
Bakelite is optically isotropic.
Aluminium and steel are e.g. of isotropic materials.
No
An isotropic material has properties which are independent of the direction in which they are measured whereas in an anisotropic material the properties do depend on the direction .
NO
yes
Concrete is an isotropic material with different strength properties with respect to the type of imposed loadings.
Two independent elastic constants
An isotropic material is one which looks the same in every direction. We cannot define any special direction using the material properties. In other words, none of the properties depend the orientation; it is perfectly rotationally symmetric. Note that in order to be isotropic the material must be homogenous on the length scale of interest, ie the same at every point in the material. For instance, rubber is a very isotropic material. Take a rubber ball, and it will feel the same and bounce the same however you rotate it. On the other hand, wood is an anisotropic material: hit it with an axe and it will take more force to break of you are cutting across the grain than along it. (Remember we're thinking about the material rather than the shape of the object.)
For isotropic materials, Rubber - very close to 0.5
Only Two
An anisotropic material is a material which does not behave the same way in all directions. Take wood for example. Wood is very strong along the grain. Against the grain, however, it will easily break. The opposite of an anisotropic material is an isotropic material. Most metals (steel, aluminum) are isotropic materials. They respond the same way in all directions.