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Most polycrystalline materials consist of randomly arranged crystals or "grains." Although individual grains have

different orientations and behave anisotropically by themselves, at a larger scale the material behavior is determined

by the sum of many grain orientations, and the bulk material acts in an isotropic manner. There are some notable

exceptions to this generalization. If the crystals or grains in a solid material are all aligned in the same or similar

directions (called "columnar" orientation of grains), as is the case in some turbine blades, the crystal will exhibit

anisotropic behavior.

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Explain the effect of type of bonding on properties of materials?

The type of bonding in a material influences its properties. Materials with ionic bonds tend to have high melting and boiling points, are brittle, and conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Covalent bonded materials have lower melting and boiling points, can be flexible, and tend to be poor conductors of electricity. Metallic bonded materials have high thermal and electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility.


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