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Since elastic is rubber and rubber is an insulator, then yes, elastic is an insulator.
An oven mitten (often a pair) is an insulator, allowing hot dishes to be taken out of a stove without burning the cook's hands.
In general, yes, silicone is thought of as an insulator. It can be engineered to conduct to a degree, but is generally not a conductor of electric current. It (silicone) is often used as an insulating medium.
Electricity is the flow of charged particles (often electrons), hence it flows easily where there are many 'spare' electrons (as in transition metals). An electrical insulator is something that does not have very many of these, for example the group 8 elements have a full outer shell, no electrons are 'free' as this process requires. Plastic insulates electricity.
When you are presented your birthday cake, make a wish and blow out the candles. An electrical surge will often cause an overload and blow out a fuse.
Mica. Mica Mica
Yes, Halon fire extinguishers can be used on electrical equipment- and in fact are often recommended.
Copper
The color is probably quite secondary. In any case, I am pretty sure that there are lots of materials that are black, and have a foam structure. You need to clarify what specific material you are talking about. You should also clarify whether you are talking about electrical or heat insulator - though the two often go together. For example, some polymer (which one?) - polymers are often good insulators. A material with a form structure is often a good insulator against heat, though - depending on the specific material - it may or may not be a good electrical insulator.
A gas often used a an insulator
Mica comes in a variety of forms and colors. The most common micas are biotite, which is dark colored, and muscovite, which is light in color.
Image result for What is the mineral copper often used to make electrical wires? Because of its superior conductivity, annealed copper became the international standard to which all other electrical conductors are compared. The main grade of copper used for electrical applications is electrolytic-tough pitch (ETP) copper .
Electrical equipment should be tested every 6 months like your smoke detectors and your furnace . Electrical fires are the 3rd leading cause of fires in Canada, so test ,test test.
Diamond is one example. In fact it has on of the highest thermal conductivity coefficients measured to date while generally being an electrical insulator.
Assuming you mean electrical conductor / insulator, most bar magnets are made of solid metal, either iron, neodymium or an alloy of aluminium nickel and cobalt, so they conduct electricity. There is one type of magnet called a ferrite magnet which does not conduct electricity - they are the type often found in loudspeakers.
Polystyrene foam is a good insulator. The characteristics that make polystyrene is a good insulator stems from its composition of long polymer chains and because it encapsulates regions of gas in the form of a closed cell foam. Air and gas in general are poor conductors of hear when convection is inhibited as it is in a foam. (The form used in insulation is often a closed cell foam, but that is not the only form taken by polystyrene.)
Fiberglass is a good insulator. It's often used in home insulation!