The Earth reaches aphelion, the farthest point in its orbit around the Sun, about July 3rd each year. (That date varies a day or so either way, depending on the cycle of leap years.) Here in 2011, aphelion is on July 4th at about 3PM GMT.
The US Naval Observatory's "Earth's Seasons" web site (at the link below) lists the precise time of the solstices and equinoxes, and has the perihelion and aphelion down to the hour.
The movement of the Earth in a month is actually a small portion of its orbit around the sun. One month on Earth is 1/12 of the Earth's orbit around the sun.
the distance between the earth and sun is shortest in the month of...
January
False. Earth is actually closest to the sun during the month of January.
A month is when the earth rotates 1 12th around the sun
December
The month does not effect it. The angle of the earth to the sun does.
false
1/12th
end of july
The month that is on the other side of July in the earth's orbit around the sun would be January. January is the second month of winter, while July is the second month in the summer. So, it is winter, which is the opposite of summer.
They align twice with the Earth.