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DeVere Jehl has: Played Sisk (1999) in "The Guiding Light" in 1952. Played Royce Earl Petrie in "Cries of Silence" in 1996. Played Guy in Bar in "Sex and the City" in 1998. Played Max in "The Fall Before Paradise" in 2004. Played Mark Willis in "Streaker" in 2007. Played Samuel in "I Love You Phillip Morris" in 2009. Played Mark Pratt in "Partners" in 2011. Played Exeuctive in "Second Generation Wayans" in 2013. Played Curtis in "Adirondack" in 2014. Played Matt Bandell in "Star-Crossed" in 2014.
What else can I help you with?
How tall is DeVere Jehl?
DeVere Jehl is 6' 1".
What actors and actresses appeared in Adirondack - 2014?
The cast of Adirondack - 2014 includes: DeVere Jehl as Curtis
When did Francis Jehl die?
Francis Jehl died on 1941-02-11.
When was Francis Jehl born?
Francis Jehl was born on 1860-09-06.
What has the author Joseph R Jehl written?
Joseph R. Jehl has written: 'Birds of the Churchill Region, Manitoba' -- subject(s): Birds 'Annotated bibliography on seasonal movements of migratory and resident birds in the California desert' -- subject(s): Migration, Bibliography, Birds, Bird populations 'Relationships in the Charadrii (shorebirds)' -- subject(s): Birds, Classification, Color, Feathers, Shore birds
Why was abu jehl furious?
Abu Jahl, a prominent leader of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca, was furious primarily due to the rise of Islam and the influence of the Prophet Muhammad. He viewed Muhammad's teachings as a direct challenge to the traditional polytheistic beliefs of the Quraysh and a threat to their social and economic power. Abu Jahl's anger was further fueled by his personal animosity toward Muhammad, whom he considered a rival and a source of shame for the tribe. His fury ultimately led him to actively oppose and persecute early Muslims.
What actors and actresses appeared in Streaker - 2007?
The cast of Streaker - 2007 includes: Elise Addington as School Girl Rachel Ann Cole as School Girl Jo Ann Seale as School Girl Ramsey Bergeron as Bouncer Laura Boulden as Wedding Guest Tom Boulden as Wedding Guest Dustin Boulden as Wedding Guest Neal Bowen as The F Holes Whitney Branan as Young Clubber Angela Brunson as Basball Fan Daryl Burton as Claudia Starr Lindsay Caldwell as Young Clubber Clay Chamberlin as Groom Lauren Chapman as Girl in Red Dress Jasmine Chloe as Basball Fan Eddie Cody as Reporter Carolyn Cotton as Wedding Guest Michael Detroit as Tony Goldman Gary Earhart as Anchorman Dave Jim Eikner as Pistol Starter Jan Falk as Baseball Fan Geoff Falk as Baseball Fan Chandler Ford as School Girl Michael Gravois as Dr. Nathan Xano Larry Griffin as Bartender Jason Haggard as The F Holes Jeff Harwood as Basball Fan Doug Inman as Reporter DeVere Jehl as Mark Willis Billie Johnson as Prisoner Charly Kayle as Waitress Loyd Keith Salter as Mr. Jacobs Leslie Lee Lanskey as Reporter Jo Lynne Palmer as Melba Ann Marie Hall as Janice Chambers Ken McCune as Dental Patient Robert McDonough as Steve Newman Mark McKee as Reporter Monette McLin as Young Clubber Freddy Mitchell as Jake Gannon Aliza Moran as Girl in Bookstore Jenny Odle Madden as Bride Emily Oppenheimer as Wedding Guest Glenda Pannell as Dana Ingram Kristin Patton as Cindi Kaczynski Edith Peck as Delivery Woman Taylor Peck as Kid on Rollercoaster Diana Powell as Lady in Laundromat Nate Powell as The F Holes Benoy Raj as Indian Food Guy John Raucci as Reporter Sandy Riggs as Wedding Guest Webster Riggs as Wedding Guest Nick Settle as Wedding Guest Amy Settle as Wedding Guest Amy Stanfill as Dental Hygenist Libby Suess as Woman in BMW Ruby Wilson as Prison Guard Carol Wolder as Wedding Guest
Can you translate my name Angeline in Korean name?
You write in 앤젤앤=an젤=gelsoundㅇ=o, ㅐ=ae, ㄴ=nㅈ=g or j, ㅔ=ea, ㄹ=L or rkey board (what you press into to get these symbols)ㅇ-dㅐ-oㄴ-sㅈ-wㅔ-pㄹ-f
What actors and actresses appeared in This Generation - 1996?
The cast of Second Generation - 2003 includes: Radhika Aggarwal as DJ Sita Lalita Ahmed as Suleka Joanna Bacon as Social Worker Shelley Conn as Amba Sonnell Dadral as Uzi Paola Desiderio as Factory Worker Amita Dhiri as Rina Danny Dyer as Jack Derek Ezenagu as Psychologist Learie Foster as Paul Nitin Ganatra as Firoz Khan Shiv Grewal as Arun Davina Hemlall as Parminder Perveen Hussain as Asha Kaleem Janjua as Mohammed Vincent Jerome as Barman Ashwin Juneja as Arijit Graham Kent as Security Guard Anupam Kher as Khan Aziza Kurtha as Flight Attendad Kasper Lewis as Factory Worker Rahul Nath as Vishal Selina Parmar as Sue Om Puri as Sharma Xavier Rodriguez as VIP in Chill Out Room Chris Ryman as Parv Aftab Sachak as Mr. Kapoor Roshan Seth as Mohan Jay Simpson as Jez Paven Virk as Gurpreet Rita Wolf as Pria Sharma
All about Thomas Edison?
According to me he is the father of modern inventions.......... he invented electricity,gramophone,tape recorder,typewriter etc.... and his main invention was the modern electric bulb..... he is my role model by A Pavan student of IIT-kanpur
Wikipedia in urdu of hazrat umar farooq?
Start With the Great Name of Allah, Who is Most Kind & MercifullThe Introduction of Hazrat Umar R.A2nd Caliph "Hazrat Umar Farooq"Born: 581 Mecca, Saudi ArabiaFull name: Umar ibn al-KhattabReign(Khilafat): 634 - 644 (10 and a half year)Titles: Amir al-Muminin Al-Farooq (The Distinguisher between Truth and Falsehood)Died: 7 November 644 Medina, Saudi Arabia(Age:63 years)Buried: Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, MedinaTwelve years younger than Holy Prophet (PBUH)EARLY LIFEye kissa ik aise din ka hai jab makka main garmi buhat urooj par thi, sakht chilchilati dhoop main ik shakhs daraz kad, jawan umar jis ka naam Umar tha,seene main badle ki aag liye howe apne maqsad ki takmeel ki khatir shadeed garmi ki parwa kiye bager tezi se kadam uthae rawan dawan tha us k samne sirf ik hi mission tha k kisi tarah insaniyat ko nai zindagi bakhshne wale shakhs Hazarat Muhammad S.A.W ko (nauzbillah) maut ki need sula doon.us no jawan ko ye maloom nahin tha k subah ki Aaaqa he naamdar Hazrat Muhammad Mustafa S.A.W ki Dua "Ae Allah!! ISalm ko Abu jehl bin Hisham ya Umar bin Khitab k Zariye Phehla de" (Tirmizi) Assamano ko cheerti howe arsh tak ponch chuki hai aur dua bare sharaf k sath qabool ho chuki hai.raste main jb un ki behn ka ghar aaya to wo apni behn k ghar gae kiyon k unhe pata chala tha k un ki behn ne b Isalm Qabool kiya hai.jb Fatima Bint Khitab ne Umar Bin Khgitab ko dekha to Quran ki kuch Surah chupa di.Umar Bin Khitab ne pehle un ko maara jb un ki nazar Surah Tahha ki kuch ayyat par pari to un ka dil mom sa hogaya aur wo Aap S.A.W k pass Gaar-e-Hira gae, Sab sahaba pareshan hogae k aaj kia hona hai, tab Aap S.A.W aae Gaar se bahir aur muskarte howe kaha "Umar tum Baaz nahi aaoge.." Aur IS Tarah Hazrat Umar Bin Khitab Islam ki raah pe aagae.phir unhone ne khule aam Iqrar kiya Islam ka tab kafiron k pairon se Zameen nikal gai k ab hum kia karengy.phir unhone buhat si aziyaten sahi aur jawan mardio k sath un ka dat kar muqabila b kiya, Hijrat e Madina k moqy par aap ki lalkar dushmano k liye haar sabit howi.phir gazwat ka daur shuru howa jis main Aap S.A.W k sath sath Sayyiduna Hazrat Umar R.A Howa karte the.Shaan E Farooque E AzamSayyiduna Hazrat Umar R.A k jalal ka ye Aalam tha k Hazoor Akram S.A.W ne Farmaya k "kasam Hai Us Zaat ki Jis k hath main meri jaan hai, agar shetan tumhe dekh leta hai to us raste se katra kar dosre raste par chlta hai.(Sahi Bukhari)".Sayyiduna Hazrat Umar R.A is baat se nawaze gae the k Jo baat wo kehte the wo Quran ki Ayyat ban jati ya Hadees ban jati thi buhat se maqam py.==>ik Baar Sayyiduna Hazrat Umar R.A ne Aap S.A.W ko kaha k maqam e Ibraheem par 2 raqat namaz parhni chahye,Aap S.A.W ne farmaya k aisa koi farman nahin hai, usi waqt wahi aai aur farman howa "maqam e Ibrahim ko Namaz parhne ki jagah bana lo".==> Jab rais ul Muhajreen Abdullah bin ubi bin Sulool ka janaza Huzoor Akram S.A.W k samne laya gaya to Sayyiduna Hazrat Umar R.A ne Arz kia k Is Dushman e Islam ka janaza na parhaya jae, so Allah talla na Surah Tauba ki Aayat Nazil farma kar Zabit de diya k "munafiqeen ki jamat ka koi bad bakhat b mar jae to na to us ki janaza nimaz parh jae aur na us ki qabar par khada howa jae".==>Arab main pehly ihtiyatan parda kiya jata tha, lazim nahi tha.ik din Sayyiduna Hazrat Umar R.A ne arz kia k AAQa (P.B.U.H) ye humari gerat ko ganwara nahin hai k humari aurton k ooper parda lazim na ho, to phir hukam howa aurton k parde ka, (Tirmizi).ELECTIONHazrat Abu Bakar R.A k inteqal k baad Sayyiduna Sayyiduna Hazrat Umar R.A Muslamano k khalefa chune gae, unhone b Hazrat Abu Bakar ki Tarah Quran O Hadess ko Apna Qanoon banaya.Duar E Khilafat01.==> Un hone Bait ul Maal Qaim kiye.02.==> Insaaf ki Adalten poori hukumat main banaegai, jahan py judge aur majistrates case handle karty the.03.==>Fauji Chonkiyan lagai gai awam k bachao k liye.04.==>Road aur nehron ki buniyad daali gai.05.==>Schools/Madarse khole gae, jahan py Imam, Muazzin aur Ustad ko tankhuwah di jati thi.06.==>Masajid ko Makka aur Madina main behtar banaya gaya hajion ki saholat k liye.07.==>Thaane aur jail banae gae mujrimon k liye.08.==>Pehla Islami Calender banaya gaya, Hijrah se le kar tab tak.09.==>population census shuru ki gai.10.==>yateem Khaane aur social welfares open howe.11.==>Ghulami par banne lag gaya aur sahi sazaon ka nizam rakha gaya.Life StyleHazrat Umar Farooq R.A Qalander aise the k jahan thehre kisi darakhat par chadar daal di to usi k saae main let gae, Sikander aise the k Rom ka kesar aur Iran ki shenshaeyat un k naam se mashhoor thi, faqeer aise the k badan par Jo karphy pehnte us main 12 rafo howa karte, sar par phata ammama aur paaon main phati jootiyan hoti theen, ameer aise the k 22 lakh marbah meel par un ki hukmirani ka parcham lehrata tha. Insaf aur hukamat ka ye aalam tha k Kasam Kha kar farmate the k "Agar meri saltanat main Insan to bari baat hai koi kutta b bookh se mar gaya to main Undallah masool hoonga."ShahadatAik Majoosi Gher Muslim Abu Lulu Feroz ik Din Sayyiduna Hazrat Umar R.A k pass apne malik ki shikayat le kar aae k wo un py tax laga raha hai, Aap R.A ne tehqeeq karwai k kesi tax, jb tahqeeq poori hio to Aap R.A ne Abu lulu Feroz ko kaha k tax haqi lagi hai aur na haqi nahi, to wo gustakh guse me chala gaya, aur dosre din Subah Fajir ki Namaz main us ne Sayyiduna Hazrat Umar R.A ki peeth main 6 bar war py war kiya, aap py be behoshi ki tareki AA rahi thi k aap ne farmaya k mujhy kone main rakha jae pehle namaz poori ki jae, sab ne namaz Ada ki, to Aap R.A ne poocha k kis ne mujhy maara, to kisi ne kaha k kisi majoosi ne aap py war kia, to Sayyiduna Hazrat Umar R.A k Chehre py ronak aai aur hath utha kar Khuda ka shukar kia k aap py kisi muslaman ne war nahin kia, phir aap 3 din tak zakhmi the, phir 23.A.H main Wafat kar gae.Aap R.A 63 saal ki umer main wafat kar gae, Aap R.A ne 10 Saal, 6 maah, 4 Din Khilafat ki. aur aap 3 din zakhmon ki halat mainWritten & Composed By: Jaseem Ahmed Bhutto
Thomas Edison's contribution to physics?
Thomas Edison From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThomas EdisonEdison as he appears at the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C."Genius is 1 percent inspiration, 99 percent perspiration."Born Thomas Alva EdisonFebruary 11, 1847Milan, Ohio, United States Died October 18, 1931 (aged 84)West Orange, New Jersey, USA Occupation Inventor, scientist, businessman Religion Deist Spouse Mary Stilwell (m. 1871-1884)Mina Miller (m. 1886-1931) Children Marion Estelle Edison (1873-1965)Thomas Alva Edison Jr. (1876-1935)William Leslie Edison (1878-1937)Madeleine Edison (1888-1979)Charles Edison (1890-1969)Theodore Miller Edison (1898-1992) Parents Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (1804-1896)Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810-1871) Relatives Lewis Miller (father-in-law) Signature Edison as a boyBirthplace of Thomas Edison in Milan, OhioHistorical marker of Edison's birthplaceThomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 - October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrialresearch laboratory.[1]Edison is the fourth most prolific inventor in history, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures. His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph operator. Edison originated the concept and implementation of electric-power generation and distribution to homes, businesses, and factories - a crucial development in the modern industrialized world. His first power stationwas on Manhattan Island, New York.Contents[hide] 1 Early life2 Telegrapher3 Marriages and children4 Beginning his career5 Menlo Park (1876-1881)5.1 Carbon telephone transmitter5.2 Electric light5.3 Electric power distribution5.4 War of currents5.5 Fluoroscopy5.6 Work relations5.7 Media inventions6 West Orange and Fort Myers (1886-1931)7 The final years8 Views on politics, religion and metaphysics9 Tributes9.1 Places and people named for Edison9.2 Museums and memorials9.3 Companies bearing Edison's name9.4 Awards named in honor of Edison9.5 Honors and awards given to Edison9.6 Other items named after Edison9.7 In popular culture10 See also11 References12 Bibliography13 External linksEarly lifeThomas Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, and grew up in Port Huron, Michigan. He was the seventh and last child of Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (1804-96, born in Marshalltown, Nova Scotia, Canada) and Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810-1871, born in Chenango County, New York).[2][citation needed] His father had to escape from Canada because he took part in the unsuccessful Mackenzie Rebellion of 1837.[citation needed] Edison considered himself to be of Dutch ancestry.[3]In school, the young Edison's mind often wandered, and his teacher, the Reverend Engle, was overheard calling him "addled". This ended Edison's three months of official schooling. Edison recalled later, "My mother was the making of me. She was so true, so sure of me; and I felt I had something to live for, someone I must not disappoint." His mother homeschooled him.[4]Much of his education came from reading R.G. Parker's School of Natural Philosophy and The Cooper Union.Edison developed hearing problems at an early age. The cause of his deafness has been attributed to a bout of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle-ear infections. Around the middle of his career Edison attributed the hearing impairment to being struck on the ears by a train conductor when his chemical laboratory in a boxcar caught fire and he was thrown off the train inSmiths Creek, Michigan, along with his apparatus and chemicals. In his later years he modified the story to say the injury occurred when the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, lifted him by the ears.[5][6]Edison's family was forced to move to Port Huron, Michigan, when the railroad bypassed Milan in 1854,[7]but his life there was bittersweet. He sold candy and newspapers on trains running from Port Huron to Detroit, and he sold vegetables to supplement his income. He also studied qualitative analysis, and conducted chemical experiments on the train until an accident caused the prohibition of further work of the kind. He obtained the exclusive right of selling newspapers on the road, and, with the aid of four assistants, he set in type and printed the Grand Trunk Herald, which he sold with his other papers.[8]This began Edison's long streak of entrepreneurial ventures as he discovered his talents as a businessman. These talents eventually led him to found 14 companies, including General Electric, which is still in existence as one of the largest publicly traded companies in the world.[9][10]TelegrapherEdison became a telegraph operator after he saved three-year-old Jimmie MacKenzie from being struck by a runaway train. Jimmie's father, station agent J.U. MacKenzie of Mount Clemens, Michigan, was so grateful that he trained Edison as a telegraph operator. Edison's first telegraphy job away from Port Huron was at Stratford Junction, Ontario, on the Grand Trunk Railway.[11]In 1866, at the age of 19, Thomas Edison moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where, as an employee of Western Union, he worked the Associated Press bureau news wire. Edison requested the night shift, which allowed him plenty of time to spend at his two favorite pastimes-reading and experimenting. Eventually, the latter pre-occupation cost him his job. One night in 1867, he was working with a lead-acid battery when he spilled sulfuric acid onto the floor. It ran between the floorboards and onto his boss's desk below. The next morning Edison was fired.[12]One of his mentors during those early years was a fellow telegrapher and inventor named Franklin Leonard Pope, who allowed the impoverished youth to live and work in the basement of his Elizabeth, New Jersey home. Some of Edison's earliest inventions were related to telegraphy, including a stock ticker. His first patent was for the electric vote recorder, (U.S. Patent 90,646),[13]which was granted on June 1, 1869.[14]Marriages and childrenMina Edison in 1906On December 25, 1871, Edison married 16-year-old Mary Stilwell, whom he had met two months earlier as she was an employee at one of his shops. They had three children:Marion Estelle Edison (1873-1965), nicknamed "Dot"[15]Thomas Alva Edison, Jr. (1876-1935), nicknamed "Dash"[16]William Leslie Edison (1878-1937) Inventor, graduate of the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, 1900.[17]Mary Edison died on August 9, 1884, of unknown causes: possibly from a brain tumor,[18]possibly from a morphine overdose.[19]On February 24, 1886, at the age of thirty nine, Edison married 20-year-old Mina Miller in Akron, Ohio.[20]She was the daughter of inventor Lewis Miller, co-founder of the Chautauqua Institutionand a benefactor of Methodist charities. They also had three children:Madeleine Edison (1888-1979), who married John Eyre Sloane.[21][22]Charles Edison (1890-1969), who took over the company upon his father's death and who later was elected Governor of New Jersey.[23]He also took charge of his father's experimental laboratories in West Orange.Theodore Edison (1898-1992), (MIT Physics 1923), had over 80 patents to his credit.Mina outlived Thomas Edison, dying on August 24, 1947.[24][25]Beginning his careerPhotograph of Edison with his phonograph (2nd model), taken in Mathew Brady's Washington, DC studio in April 1878.Mary Had a Little LambThomas Edison reciting "Mary Had a Little Lamb"Problems listening to this file? See media help.Thomas Edison began his career as an inventor inNewark, New Jersey, with the automatic repeater and his other improved telegraphic devices, but the invention that first gained him notice was thephonographin 1877. This accomplishment was so unexpected by the public at large as to appear almost magical. Edison became known as "The Wizard of Menlo Park," New Jersey. His first phonograph recorded on tinfoil around a grooved cylinder, but had poor sound quality and the recordings could be played only a few times. In the 1880s, a redesigned model using wax-coated cardboard cylinders was produced by Alexander Graham Bell, Chichester Bell, and Charles Tainter. This was one reason that Thomas Edison continued work on his own "Perfected Phonograph."Menlo Park (1876-1881)Edison's major innovation was the first industrial research lab, which was built in Menlo Park, New Jersey. It was built with the funds from the sale of Edison's quadruplex telegraph. After his demonstration of the telegraph, Edison was not sure that his original plan to sell it for $4,000 to $5,000 was right, so he asked Western Union to make a bid. He was surprised to hear them offer $10,000,[citation needed] ($202,000 USD 2010) which he gratefully accepted. The quadruplex telegraph was Edison's first big financial success, and Menlo Park became the first institution set up with the specific purpose of producing constant technological innovation and improvement. Edison was legally attributed with most of the inventions produced there, though many employees carried out research and development under his direction. His staff was generally told to carry out his directions in conducting research, and he drove them hard to produce results.Edison's Menlo Park Laboratory, removed to Greenfield Village at Henry Ford Museumin Dearborn, Michigan. (Note the organ against the back wall)William Joseph Hammer, a consulting electrical engineer, began his duties as a laboratory assistant to Edison in December 1879. He assisted in experiments on the telephone, phonograph, electric railway, iron ore separator, electric lighting, and other developing inventions. However, Hammer worked primarily on the incandescent electric lamp and was put in charge of tests and records on that device. In 1880, he was appointed chief engineer of the Edison Lamp Works. In his first year, the plant under General Manager Francis Robbins Upton turned out 50,000 lamps. According to Edison, Hammer was "a pioneer of incandescent electric lighting".Thomas Edison's first successful light bulb model, used in public demonstration at Menlo Park, December 1879Nearly all of Edison's patents were utility patents, which were protected for a 17-year period and included inventions or processes that are electrical, mechanical, or chemical in nature. About a dozen were design patents, which protect an ornamental design for up to a 14-year period. As in most patents, the inventions he described were improvements overprior art. The phonograph patent, in contrast, was unprecedented as describing the first device to record and reproduce sounds.[26]Edison did not invent the first electric light bulb, but instead invented the first commercially practical incandescent light.[citation needed] Many earlier inventors had previously devised incandescent lamps, including Henry Woodward and Mathew Evans. Others who developed early and commercially impractical incandescent electric lamps included Humphry Davy, James Bowman Lindsay,Moses G. Farmer,[27]William E. Sawyer, Joseph Swan and Heinrich Göbel. Some of these early bulbs had such flaws as an extremely short life, high expense to produce, and high electric current drawn, making them difficult to apply on a large scale commercially. In 1878, Edison applied the term filament to theelementof glowing wire carrying the current, although the English inventor Joseph Swan had used the term prior to this. Swan developed an incandescent light with a long lasting filament at about the same time as Edison, as Swan's earlier bulbs lacked the high resistance needed to be an effective part of an electrical utility. Edison and his co-workers set about the task of creating longer-lasting bulbs. In Britain, Joseph Swan had been able to obtain a patent on the incandescent lamp; though Edison had already been making successful lamps for some time, his patent application was incompletely prepared and failed.[28]Unable to raise the required capital in Britain because of this, Edison was forced to enter into a joint venture with Swan (known as Ediswan). Swan acknowledged that Edison had anticipated him, saying "Edison is entitled to more than I ... he has seen further into this subject, vastly than I, and foreseen and provided for details that I did not comprehend until I saw his system".[29]By 1879, Edison had produced a new concept: a high resistance lamp in a very high vacuum, which would burn for hundreds of hours. While the earlier inventors had produced electric lighting in laboratory conditions, dating back to a demonstration of a glowing wire by Alessandro Volta in 1800, Edison concentrated on commercial application, and was able to sell the concept to homes and businesses by mass-producing relatively long-lasting light bulbs and creating a complete system for the generation and distribution of electricity.In just over a decade Edison's Menlo Park laboratory had expanded to occupy two city blocks. Edison said he wanted the lab to have "a stock of almost every conceivable material". A newspaper article printed in 1887 reveals the seriousness of his claim, stating the lab contained "eight thousand kinds of chemicals, every kind of screw made, every size of needle, every kind of cord or wire, hair of humans, horses, hogs, cows, rabbits, goats, minx, camels ... silk in every texture, cocoons, various kinds of hoofs, shark's teeth, deer horns, tortoise shell ... cork, resin, varnish and oil, ostrich feathers, a peacock's tail, jet, amber, rubber, all ores ..." and the list goes on.[30]Over his desk, Edison displayed a placard with Sir Joshua Reynolds' famous quotation: "There is no expedient to which a man will not resort to avoid the real labor of thinking."[31]This slogan was reputedly posted at several other locations throughout the facility.With Menlo Park, Edison had created the first industrial laboratory concerned with creating knowledge and then controlling its application.Carbon telephone transmitterIn 1877-78, Edison invented and developed the carbon microphone used in all telephones along with the Bell receiver until the 1980s. After protracted patent litigation, in 1892 a federal court ruled that Edison and not Emile Berliner was the inventor of the carbon microphone. The carbon microphone was also used in radio broadcasting and public address work through the 1920s.Electric lightEdison in 1878Main article: History of the light bulbBuilding on the contributions of other developers over the previous three quarters of a century, Edison made improvements to the idea of incandescent light, and entered the public consciousness as "the inventor" of the lightbulb, and a prime mover in developing the necessary infrastructure for electric power.After many experiments with platinum and other metal filaments, Edison returned to a carbonfilament. The first successful test was on October 22, 1879;[32]it lasted 13.5 hours.[33]Edison continued to improve this design and by November 4, 1879, filed for U.S. patent 223,898 (granted on January 27, 1880) for an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected to platina contact wires".[34]Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including "cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways",[34]it was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered acarbonizedbamboo filament that could last over 1,200 hours. The idea of using this particular raw material originated from Edison's recalling his examination of a few threads from a bamboo fishing pole while relaxing on the shore of Battle Lake in the present-day state of Wyoming, where he and other members of a scientific team had traveled so that they could clearly observe a total eclipse of the sun on July 29, 1878, from the Continental Divide.[35]U.S. Patent#223898: Electric-Lamp. Issued January 27, 1880.In 1878, Edison formed the Edison Electric Light Company in New York City with several financiers, including J. P. Morganand the members of the Vanderbilt family. Edison made the first public demonstration of his incandescent light bulb on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park. It was during this time that he said: "We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles."[36]Lewis Latimer joined the Edison Electric Light Company in 1884. Latimer had received a patent in January 1881 for the "Process of Manufacturing Carbons", an improved method for the production of carbon filaments for lightbulbs. Latimer worked as an engineer, a draftsman and an expert witness in patent litigation on electric lights.[37]George Westinghouse's company bought Philip Diehl's competing induction lamp patent rights (1882) for $25,000, forcing the holders of the Edison patent to charge a more reasonable rate for the use of the Edison patent rights and lowering the price of the electric lamp.[38]On October 8, 1883, the US patent office ruled that Edison's patent was based on the work of William Sawyer and was therefore invalid. Litigation continued for nearly six years, until October 6, 1889, when a judge ruled that Edison's electric-light improvement claim for "a filament of carbon of high resistance" was valid. To avoid a possible court battle with Joseph Swan, whose British patent had been awarded a year before Edison's, he and Swan formed a joint company called Ediswan to manufacture and market the invention in Britain.Mahen Theatre in Brno (in what is now the Czech Republic) was the first public building in the world to use Edison's electric lamps, with the installation supervised by Edison's assistant in the invention of the lamp, Francis Jehl.[39]In September 2010, a sculpture of three giant light bulbs was erected in Brno, in front of the theatre.[40]Electric power distributionEdison patented a system for electricity distribution in 1880, which was essential to capitalize on the invention of the electric lamp. On December 17, 1880, Edison founded the Edison Illuminating Company. The company established the first investor-owned electric utility in 1882 on Pearl Street Station, New York City. It was on September 4, 1882, that Edison switched on his Pearl Street generating station's electrical power distribution system, which provided 110 volts direct current (DC) to 59 customers in lower Manhattan.[41]Earlier in the year, in January 1882, he had switched on the first steam-generating power station at Holborn Viaduct in London. The DC supply system provided electricity supplies to street lamps and several private dwellings within a short distance of the station. On January 19, 1883, the first standardized incandescent electric lighting system employing overhead wires began service in Roselle, New Jersey.War of currentsMain article: War of CurrentsExtravagant displays of electric lights quickly became a feature of public events, as in this picture from the 1897 Tennessee Centennial Exposition.Edison's true success, like that of his friend Henry Ford, was in his ability to maximize profits through establishment of mass-production systems and intellectual property rights. George Westinghouse and Edison became adversaries because of Edison's promotion of direct current(DC) for electric power distribution instead of the more easily transmitted alternating current (AC) system invented by Nikola Tesla and promoted by Westinghouse. Unlike DC, AC could be stepped up to very high voltages with transformers, sent over thinner and cheaper wires, and stepped down again at the destination for distribution to users.In 1887 there were 121 Edison power stations in the United States delivering DC electricity to customers. When the limitations of DC were discussed by the public, Edison launched a propaganda campaign to convince people that AC was far too dangerous to use. The problem with DC was that the power plants could economically deliver DC electricity only to customers within about one and a half miles (about 2.4 km) from the generating station, so that it was suitable only for central business districts. When George Westinghouse suggested using high-voltage AC instead, as it could carry electricity hundreds of miles with marginal loss of power, Edison waged a "War of Currents" to prevent AC from being adopted.The war against AC led him to become involved in the development and promotion of the electric chair (using AC) as an attempt to portray AC to have greater lethal potential than DC. Edison went on to carry out a brief but intense campaign to ban the use of AC or to limit the allowable voltage for safety purposes. As part of this campaign, Edison's employees publicly electrocuted animals to demonstrate the dangers of AC;[42][43]alternating electric currents are slightly more dangerous in that frequencies near 60 Hz have a markedly greater potential for inducing fatal "cardiac fibrillation" than do direct currents.[44]On one of the more notable occasions, in 1903, Edison's workers electrocuted Topsy the elephant at Luna Park, near Coney Island, after she had killed several men and her owners wanted her put to death.[45]His company filmed the electrocution.AC replaced DC in most instances of generation and power distribution, enormously extending the range and improving the efficiency of power distribution. Though widespread use of DC ultimately lost favor for distribution, it exists today primarily in long-distance high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. Low-voltage DC distribution continued to be used in high-density downtown areas for many years but was eventually replaced by AC low-voltage network distribution in many of them. DC had the advantage that large battery banks could maintain continuous power through brief interruptions of the electric supply from generators and the transmission system. Utilities such as Commonwealth Edison in Chicago had rotary converters or motor-generator sets, which could change DC to AC and AC to various frequencies in the early to mid-20th century. Utilities supplied rectifiers to convert the low voltage AC to DC for such DC loads as elevators, fans and pumps. There were still 1,600 DC customers in downtown New York City as of 2005, and service was finally discontinued only on November 14, 2007.[46]Most subway systems are still powered by direct current.FluoroscopyEdison is credited with designing and producing the first commercially available fluoroscope, a machine that uses X-rays to take radiographs. Until Edison discovered that calcium tungstate fluoroscopy screens produced brighter images than the barium platinocyanide screens originally used by Wilhelm Röntgen, the technology was capable of producing only very faint images. The fundamental design of Edison's fluoroscope is still in use today, despite the fact that Edison himself abandoned the project after nearly losing his own eyesight and seriously injuring his assistant, Clarence Dally. Dally had made himself an enthusiastic human guinea pig for the fluoroscopy project and in the process been exposed to a poisonous dose of radiation. He later died of injuries related to the exposure. In 1903, a shaken Edison said "Don't talk to me about X-rays, I am afraid of them."[47]Work relationsPhotograph of Thomas Edison by Victor Daireaux, Paris, circa 1880sFrank J. Sprague, a competent mathematician and former naval officer, was recruited by Edward H. Johnson and joined the Edison organization in 1883. One of Sprague's contributions to the Edison Laboratory at Menlo Park was to expand Edison's mathematical methods. Despite the common belief that Edison did not use mathematics, analysis of his notebooks reveal that he was an astute user of mathematical analysis conducted by his assistants such as Francis Robbins Upton, for example, determining the critical parameters of his electric lighting system including lamp resistance by an analysis of Ohm's Law, Joule's Law and economics.[48]Another of Edison's assistants was Nikola Tesla. Tesla claimed that Edison had promised him $50,000 if he succeeded in making improvements to his DC generation plants. Several months later, when Tesla had finished the work and asked to be paid, he said that Edison replied, "When you become a full-fledged American you will appreciate an American joke."[49]Tesla immediately resigned. With Tesla's salary of $18 per week, the payment would have amounted to over 53 years' pay and the amount was equal to the initial capital of the company. Another account states that Tesla resigned when he was refused a raise to $25 per week.[50]Although Tesla accepted anEdison Medal later in life, this and other negative events concerning Edison remained with him. The day after Edison died, the New York Times contained extensive coverage of Edison's life, with the only negative opinion coming from Tesla who was quoted as saying:He had no hobby, cared for no sort of amusement of any kind and lived in utter disregard of the most elementary rules of hygiene. [...] His method was inefficient in the extreme, for an immense ground had to be covered to get anything at all unless blind chance intervened and, at first, I was almost a sorry witness of his doings, knowing that just a little theory and calculation would have saved him 90% of the labour. But he had a veritable contempt for book learning and mathematical knowledge, trusting himself entirely to his inventor's instinct and practical American sense.[51]-Nikola TeslaOne of Edison's famous quotations about his attempts to make the light globe suggest that perhaps Tesla was right about Edison's methods of working: "If I find 10,000 ways something won't work, I haven't failed. I am not discouraged, because every wrong attempt discarded is another step forward."[52]When Edison was a very old man and close to death, he said, in looking back, that the biggest mistake he had made was in not respecting Tesla or his work.[53]There were 28 men recognized as Edison Pioneers.Media inventionsThe key to Edison's fortunes was telegraphy. With knowledge gained from years of working as a telegraph operator, he learned the basics of electricity. This allowed him to make his early fortune with the stock ticker, the first electricity-based broadcast system. Edison patented the sound recording and reproducing phonograph in 1878. Edison was also granted a patent for the motion picture camera or "Kinetograph". He did the electromechanical design, while his employee W.K.L. Dickson, a photographer, worked on the photographic and optical development. Much of the credit for the invention belongs to Dickson.[32]In 1891, Thomas Edison built a Kinetoscope, or peep-hole viewer. This device was installed in penny arcades, where people could watch short, simple films. The kinetograph and kinetoscope were both first publicly exhibited May 20, 1891.[54]On August 9, 1892, Edison received a patent for a two-way telegraph. In April 1896, Thomas Armat's Vitascope, manufactured by the Edison factory and marketed in Edison's name, was used to project motion pictures in public screenings in New York City. Later he exhibited motion pictures with voice soundtrack on cylinder recordings, mechanically synchronized with the film.The June 1894 Leonard-Cushing bout. Each of the six one-minute rounds recorded by the Kinetoscope was made available to exhibitors for $22.50.[55]Customers who watched the final round saw Leonard score a knockdown.Officially the kinetoscope entered Europe when the rich American Businessman Irving T. Bush(1869-1948) bought from the Continental Commerce Company of Frank Z. Maguire and Joseph D. Baucus a dozen machines. Bush placed from October 17, 1894, the first kinetoscopes in London. At the same time the French company Kinétoscope Edison Michel et Alexis Werner bought these machines for the market in France. In the last three months of 1894, The Continental Commerce Company sold hundreds of kinetoscopes in Europe (i.e. the Netherlands and Italy). In Germany and in Austria-Hungary the kinetoscope was introduced by the Deutsche-österreichische-Edison-Kinetoscop Gesellschaft, founded by the Ludwig Stollwerck[56]of the Schokoladen-Süsswarenfabrik Stollwerck & Co of Cologne. The first kinetoscopes arrived in Belgium at the Fairsin early 1895. The Edison's Kinétoscope Français, a Belgian company, was founded in Brussels on January 15, 1895, with the rights to sell the kinetoscopes in Monaco, France and the French colonies. The main investors in this company were Belgian industrialists. On May 14, 1895, the Edison's Kinétoscope Belge was founded in Brussels. The businessman Ladislas-Victor Lewitzki, living in London but active in Belgium and France, took the initiative in starting this business. He had contacts with Leon Gaumont and the American Mutoscope and Biograph Co. In 1898 he also became a shareholder of the Biograph and Mutoscope Company for France.[57]In 1901, he visited the Sudbury area in Ontario, Canada, as a mining prospector, and is credited with the original discovery of the Falconbridge ore body. His attempts to mine the ore body were not successful, however, and he abandoned his mining claim in 1903.[58]A street in Falconbridge, as well as the Edison Building, which served as the head office of Falconbridge Mines, are named for him.In 1902, agents of Thomas Edison bribed a theater owner in London for a copy of A Trip to the Moon by Georges Méliès. Edison then made hundreds of copies and showed them in New York City. Méliès received no compensation. He was counting on taking the film to the US and recapture its huge cost by showing it throughout the country when he realized it had already been shown there by Edison. This effectively bankrupted Méliès.[59]Other exhibitors similarly routinely copied and exhibited each others films.[60]To better protect the copyrights on his films, Edison deposited prints of them on long strips of photographic paper with the U.S. copyright office. Many of these paper prints survived longer and in better condition than the actual films of that era.[61]Edison's favorite movie was The Birth of a Nation. He thought that talkies had "spoiled everything" for him. "There isn't any good acting on the screen. They concentrate on the voice now and have forgotten how to act. I can sense it more than you because I am deaf."[62]His favorite stars were Mary Pickford and Clara Bow.[63]In 1908, Edison started the Motion Picture Patents Company, which was a conglomerate of nine major film studios (commonly known as the Edison Trust). Thomas Edison was the first honorary fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, which was founded in 1929.West Orange and Fort Myers (1886-1931)Thomas A. Edison Industries Exhibit, Primary Battery section, 1915Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, and Harvey Firestone, respectively. Ft. Myers, Florida, February 11, 1929Edison moved from Menlo Park after the death of Mary Stilwell and purchased a home known as "Glenmont" in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina in Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey. In 1885, Thomas Edison bought property in Fort Myers, Florida, and built what was later calledSeminole Lodge as a winter retreat. Edison and his wife Mina spent many winters in Fort Myers where they recreated and Edison tried to find a domestic source of natural rubber.Henry Ford, the automobile magnate, later lived a few hundred feet away from Edison at his winter retreat in Fort Myers, Florida. Edison even contributed technology to the automobile. They were friends until Edison's death.In 1928, Edison joined the Fort Myers Civitan Club. He believed strongly in the organization, writing that "The Civitan Club is doing things -big things- for the community, state, and nation, and I certainly consider it an honor to be numbered in its ranks."[64]He was an active member in the club until his death, sometimes bringing Henry Ford to the club's meetings.The final yearsEdison was active in business right up to the end. Just months before his death in 1931, theLackawanna Railroad implemented electric trains in suburban service from Hoboken to Gladstone,Montclairand Dover in New Jersey. Transmission was by means of an overhead catenary system, with the entire project under Edison's guidance. To the surprise of many, he was at the throttle of the very first MU (Multiple-Unit) train to depart Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken, driving the train all the way to Dover. As another tribute to his lasting legacy, the same fleet of cars Edison deployed on the Lackawanna in 1931 served commuters until their retirement in 1984, when some of them were purchased by the Berkshire Scenic Railway Museum in Lenox, Massachusetts. A special plaque commemorating the joint achievement of both the railway and Edison can be seen today in the waiting room of Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken, presently operated by New Jersey Transit.[65]Edison was said to have been influenced by a popular fad diet in his last few years; "the only liquid he consumed was a pint of milk every three hours".[32]He is reported to have believed this diet would restore his health. However, this tale is doubtful. In 1930, the year before Edison died, Mina said in an interview about him that "Correct eating is one of his greatest hobbies." She also said that during one of his periodic "great scientific adventures", Edison would be up at 7:00, have breakfast at 8:00, and be rarely home for lunch or dinner, implying that he continued to have all three.[62]Edison became the owner of his Milan, Ohio, birthplace in 1906. On his last visit, in 1923, he was shocked to find his old home still lit by lamps and candles.Thomas Edison died of complications of diabetes on October 18, 1931, in his home, "Glenmont" in Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey, which he had purchased in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina. He is buried behind the home.[66][67]Edison's last breath is reportedly contained in a test tube at the Henry Ford Museum. Ford reportedly convinced Charles Edison to seal a test tube of air in the inventor's room shortly after his death, as a memento. A plaster death mask was also made.[68]Mina died in 1947.Views on politics, religion and metaphysicsHistorian Paul Israel has characterized Edison as a "freethinker".[32]Edison was heavily influenced by Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason.[32]Edison defended Paine's "scientific deism", saying, "He has been called an atheist, but atheist he was not. Paine believed in a supreme intelligence, as representing the idea which other men often express by the name of deity."[32]In an October 2, 1910, interview in the New York Times Magazine, Edison stated:Nature is what we know. We do not know the gods of religions. And nature is not kind, or merciful, or loving. If God made me - the fabled God of the three qualities of which I spoke: mercy, kindness, love - He also made the fish I catch and eat. And where do His mercy, kindness, and love for that fish come in? No; nature made us - nature did it all - not the gods of the religions.[69]Edison was called an atheist for those remarks, and although he did not allow himself to be drawn into the controversy publicly, he clarified himself in a private letter: "You have misunderstood the whole article, because you jumped to the conclusion that it denies the existence of God. There is no such denial, what you call God I call Nature, the Supreme intelligence that rules matter. All the article states is that it is doubtful in my opinion if our intelligence or soul or whatever one may call it lives hereafter as an entity or disperses back again from whence it came, scattered amongst the cells of which we are made."[32]Nonviolence was key to Edison's moral views, and when asked to serve as a naval consultant for World War I, he specified he would work only on defensive weapons and later noted, "I am proud of the fact that I never invented weapons to kill." Edison's philosophy of nonviolence extended to animals as well, about which he stated: "Nonviolence leads to the highest ethics, which is the goal of all evolution. Until we stop harming all other living beings, we are still savages."[70]However, he is also notorious for having electrocuted a number of dogs in 1888, both by direct and alternating current, in an attempt to argue that the former (which he had a vested business interest in promoting) was safer than the latter (favored by his rival George Westinghouse).[71]Edison's success in promoting direct current as less lethal also led to alternating current being used in the electric chair adopted by New York in 1889 as a supposedly humane execution method; because Westinghouse was angered by the decision, he funded Eighth Amendment-based appeals for inmates set to die in the electric chair, ultimately resulting in Edison providing the generators which powered early electrocutions and testifying successfully on behalf of the state that electrocution was a painless method of execution.[72]TributesPlaces and people named for EdisonSeveral places have been named after Edison, most notably the town of Edison, New Jersey. Thomas Edison State College, a nationally known college for adult learners, is in Trenton, New Jersey. Two community colleges are named for him: Edison State College in Fort Myers, Florida, and Edison Community College in Piqua, Ohio.[73]There are numerous high schools named after Edison; see Edison High School.The City Hotel, in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, was the first building to be lit with Edison's three-wire system. The hotel was re-named The Hotel Edison, and retains that name today.Three bridges around the United States have been named in his honor (see Edison Bridge).In space, his name is commemorated in asteroid 742 Edisona.The Russian composer Edison Denisov, whose father was a radio-physicist, was named after the inventor.Museums and memorialsIn West Orange, New Jersey, the 13.5 acre (5.5 ha) Glenmont estate is maintained and operated by the National Park Service as the Edison National Historic Site.[74]The Thomas Alva Edison Memorial Tower and Museum is in the town of Edison, New Jersey.[75]In Beaumont, Texas, there is an Edison Museum, though Edison never visited there.[citation needed] The Port Huron Museum, in Port Huron, Michigan, restored the original depot that Thomas Edison worked out of as a young newsbutcher. The depot has been named the Thomas Edison Depot Museum.[76]The town has many Edison historical landmarks, including the graves of Edison's parents, and a monument along the St. Clair River. Edison's influence can be seen throughout this city of 32,000. In Detroit, the Edison Memorial Fountain in Grand Circus Park was created to honor his achievements. The limestone fountain was dedicated October 21, 1929, the fiftieth anniversary of the creation of the lightbulb.[77]On the same night, The Edison Institute was dedicated in nearby Dearborn.In early 2010, Edison was proposed by the Ohio Historical Society as a finalist in a statewide vote for inclusion in Statuary Hall at the United States Capitol.Companies bearing Edison's nameIn 1915Edison General Electric, merged with Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General ElectricCommonwealth Edison, now part of ExelonConsolidated EdisonEdison InternationalSouthern California EdisonEdison Mission EnergyEdison CapitalDetroit Edison, a unit of DTE EnergyEdison Sault Electric Company, a unit of Wisconsin Energy CorporationFirstEnergyMetropolitan EdisonOhio EdisonToledo EdisonEdison S.p.A., a unit of ItalenergiaBoston Edison, a unit of NSTAR, formerly known as the Edison Electric Illuminating CompanyWEEI radio station in Boston, established by the Edison Electric Illuminating Company (hence the call letters)Trade association the Edison Electric Institute, a lobbying and research group for investor-owned utilities in the United StatesEdison Ore-Milling CompanyEdison Portland Cement CompanyAwards named in honor of EdisonThe Edison Medal was created on February 11, 1904, by a group of Edison's friends and associates. Four years later the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE), later IEEE, entered into an agreement with the group to present the medal as its highest award. The first medal was presented in 1909 to Elihu Thomson and, in a twist of fate, was awarded to Nikola Tesla in 1917. It is the oldest award in the area of electrical and electronics engineering, and is presented annually "for a career of meritorious achievement in electrical science, electrical engineering or the electrical arts."In the Netherlands, the major music awards are named the Edison Award after him.The American Society of Mechanical Engineers concedes the Thomas A. Edison Patent Award to individual patents since 2000.[78]Honors and awards given to EdisonThe President of the Third French Republic, Jules Grévy, on the recommendation of his Minister of Foreign Affairs Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire and with the presentations of the Minister of Posts and Telegraphs Louis Cochery, designated Edison with the distinction of an 'Officer of the Legion of Honour' (Légion d'honneur) by decree on November 10, 1881;[79]In 1983, the United States Congress, pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 140 (Public Law 97-198), designated February 11, Edison's birthday, as National Inventor's Day.In 1887, Edison won the Matteucci Medal. In 1890, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.In 1889, Edison was awarded the John Scott Medal.In 1899, Edison was awarded the Edward Longstreth Medal of The Franklin Institute.[80]Edison was awarded Franklin Medal of The Franklin Institute in 1915 for discoveries contributing to the foundation of industries and the well-being of the human race.Edison was ranked thirty-fifth on Michael H. Hart's 1978 book The 100, a list of the most influential figures in history. Life magazine (USA), in a special double issue in 1997, placed Edison first in the list of the "100 Most Important People in the Last 1000 Years", noting that the light bulb he promoted "lit up the world". In the 2005 television series The Greatest American, he was voted by viewers as the fifteenth-greatest.In 2008, Edison was inducted in the New Jersey Hall of Fame.In 2011, Edison was inducted into the Entrepreneur Walk of Fame.On November 6, 1915 The New York Times announced that both Edison and Tesla were to jointly receive the 1915 Nobel Prize but it did not occur. [81] The details of what happened are not known but Tesla who had once worked for Edison quit when he was promised a large bonus for solving a problem and then after being successful was told the promise was a joke. [82] Telsa once said that if Edison had to find a needle in a haystack he would take apart the haystack one straw at a time. [83] The Prize was awarded to Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays" .Other items named after EdisonThe United States Navy named the USS Edison (DD-439), a Gleaves class destroyer, in his honor in 1940. The ship was decommissioned a few months after the end of World War II. In 1962, the Navy commissioned USS Thomas A. Edison (SSBN-610), a fleet ballistic missile nuclear-powered submarine. Decommissioned on December 1, 1983, Thomas A. Edison was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on April 30, 1986. She went through the Navy's Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, Washington, beginning on October 1, 1996. When she finished the program on December 1, 1997, she ceased to exist as a complete ship and was listed as scrapped.In popular cultureMain article: Thomas Edison in popular cultureThomas Edison has appeared in popular culture as a character in novels, films, comics and video games. His prolific inventing helped make him an icon and he has made appearances in popular culture during his lifetime down to the present day. His history with Nikola Tesla has also provided dramatic tension and is a theme returned to numerous times.On February 11, 2011, on Thomas Edison's 164th birthday, Google's homepage featured an animated Google Doodle commemorating his many inventions. When the cursor was hovered over the doodle, a series of mechanisms seemed to move, causing a lightbulb to glow.[84]
