There were a few events that he took advantage of to become the leader of the Islamic Caliphate. Firstly, he pressured Caliph 'Ali unreasonably about the assassination of his kinsman, the former Caliph 'Othman. Secondly, after declaring war on 'Ali, he managed to trick 'Ali into declaring that he was unfit to be Caliph which lost him the support of Khawarijites in Egypt. Finally, Mu'awiya defeated 'Ali's armies while (separately) a Khawarijite zealot assassinated him.
The Islamic Golden Age occurred primarily under the auspices of the Abbassid Empire.
There is no Islamic Empire.
Arabic was important in the Songhai Empire as it was the language of religion, trade, and administration. It facilitated communication with other regions and helped the empire interact with the wider Islamic world. It also allowed for the translation and preservation of important Islamic texts, contributing to the intellectual and cultural growth of the empire.
The title of the Islamic Empire was Caliphate. The Caliph was called Amir-ul-Momineen.
It depends on the Islamic Empire in question. Assuming that you are talking about the Abbassid Caliphate (which is most commonly referred to as "the Islamic Empire"), the group that brought them down was the MONGOLS.
In 1492 the Islamic Empire finally left Spain but i dont know when it began.
They were allowed to continue uninterupted. Religious intolerance were characteristic the Judeo-Christian-Islamic family of religions.
Yes. The Mughal Empire was a great Empire of the Muslims in India.
Ottoman Empire
Different in different parts of the empire.
The Abbasids, as the ones from the Islamic Empire.
Invasions by the Islamic Ottoman Empire destroyed the Byzantine Empire.