from the east
A comet's tail will always extend away from the Sun, even when going away from the Sun.
Solar prominences are plasma rings that extend from the surface of the Sun, on outward.
These can extend for literally miles into space.
Past Earth's orbit
Prominences occur in the chromosphere layer of the sun's atmosphere. They are large, bright, gaseous features that extend outward from the sun's surface.
Spica has a radius of about 5,150,400 km whereas the Sun has a radius of 696,000 km. So the "Spica Sun" would extend another 4,454,400 km into the Solar System.
Solar prominences are large looping structures of hot, glowing gas that extend from the Sun’s surface into the outer atmosphere, or corona. They can be seen during total solar eclipses or with special equipment that blocks out the brightness of the Sun. Prominences are caused by complex magnetic interactions within the Sun.
Order of the Rising Sun was created in 1875.
The Sun is at the center of the Solar System.
we are the 3rd from the sun
It's hard to show without using a diagram (and I can't post one sorry), but the answer is No. Try this. Draw two circles of different sizes for the Sun and Earth (the smaller one). Draw a line from the top of the Sun to the top of the Earth and extend it beyond the Earth. Now draw a line form the bottom of the Sun to the bottom of the Earth and extend it. Those two lines will intersect and form a triangle (with a rounded base of the Earth). This is the Umbra. Now draw a line form the top of the Sun to the bottom of the earth and extend it. Draw another line form the bottom of the Sun to the top of the Earth and extend it. This will form an open-ended shape. This is the umbra. As Hilmar said above, the umbra and penumbra form because the Sun is not a point source.
UY Scuti is HUGE, if it replaced the sun it would extend out of Saturn's orbit.