Evolution by natural selection is currently the only viable theory explaining the diversity of life. However, the mechanism of natural selection is not the only mechanism to affect evolution. There are phenomena such as genetic drift, biased gene conversion, intragenomic conflict, and so on, that aren't exactly the same as natural selection (although they are all intertwined and all affect one another), but do affect the direction of evolution.
No, there are no other theories but the theory of evolution by natural selection that explain so much about evolution.
In a phrase; the mechanism of natural selection.
The book , On the origin of Species, was the book that shook the world. The book challenged other evolution theories while discussing evolution and the role of natural selection in it.
No, it's exactly the other way around: natural selection causes adaptation.
Natural variation, natural selection, artificial selection, genetic engineering, etc.
No, it's the other way around: descent with modification is what you need for natural selection to happen.
That's part of the theory of evolution by natural selection (Darwinism) but not the main principle, and some other (obsolete) theories also included this belief. I don't know if there is a more specific answer, but if you can't find one, just go with natural selection.
A very important mechanism of evolutionary change besides natural selection is geneticc drift.
It's the other way around: natural selection is the natural process that causes the frequencies of occurence of alleles in the population gene pool to shift.
Adaptation and evolution all have to do with how an animal or a species depend on there environment. Adaptation is how the species adapts to there environment.Adaptation is caused by evolution by natural selection.
By natural selection. (Some natural obstacle prevent the other rhinceros to mix with the black.)
The velociraptor's natural prey was the protoceratops, but mostly they steal other dinosaurs' and birds' eggs.