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Strictly speaking, the exact moment of "Full Moon" is the only time when the sun and moon can not be
in the sky at the same time ... the Full moon rises just as the sun sets.

At every other moon phase, the sun and moon are in the sky simultaneously during SOME part of the day.

New Moon: Sun and moon are in the same direction in the sky. As long as one is up the other is up,
but you can't see the moon, so forget about it.

First week: Moon rises after the sun, a delay that grows from zero to six hours during the week.
Then they're both in the sky until the sun sets.

Second week: Moon rises after the sun, a delay that grows from 6 hours to 12 hours during the week.
Then they're both in the sky until the sun sets.

Full Moon: Moon rises just as sun sets.

Third week: Moon rises before the sun, a lead that dwindles from 12 hours to 6 hours during the week.
Then they're both in the sky until the moon sets.

Fourth week: Moon rises before the sun, a lead that dwindles from 6 hours to zero during the week,
Then they're both in the sky until the moon sets.

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