You need to state your location and the date.
From the Moon, although technically the Moon is not a planet
Venus
craters
yes!
A planet's rotation on its axis determines the length of its day.
None. The moon is closer than the other planets, so it will obstruct other planets.
Depends on your location and time of sighting. At the moment (Jan 2011) Saturn is close to the Moon.
From the Moon all you can see is planet Earth, the Moon is too far away to see any detail such as a monument on Earth with the naked eye.
I think it's Jupiter, but I'm not sure.
If your were on another planet or the moon yes. If you are on earth you cannot observe it (in its entirity) through a telescope unless you are placed off of the planet.
Jupiter is to the right of the moon. It was closest a on September 1st, then is was just to the left of the moon. Since then, the moon has passed Jupiter and the distance (seen by an observer) between them has been increasing.
As seen from the planet Earth, the two brightest bodies in the solar system are the sun and the moon. Number three is the planet Venus.