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There are a few reasons for this. First, the amount of lava on a volcano during an eruption is small compared to the volume of the volcano itself. For a large volcano the effect would be rather like puring a boucket of water on an iceberg. Second, in order to melt, the rock must first be greatly heated up as, compared to the lava, they are freezing cold. All of this heat must be lost by the lava, which cools as a result. In addtion, lava on the surface is also loosing heat to the air. Third, if you look at the temperatures, the lava is actually closer to solidifying than the rock is to melting. The largest mass of molten rock, called magma when it is underground, is usually stored in a magma chamber a few miles beneath the volcano. Some of the surrounding rock may melt and become part of the magma, but this usually does not spread too far as rock is a poor conductor of heat.

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